Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Hematology
Physiology II - Hematology
243
Physiology
Professional
08/27/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 3 main functions of blood?
Definition
Transport, Regulation, Protection
Term
What are the 2 components of formed elements in a centrifuged blood sample?
Definition
Buffy coat, Hematocrit (PCV)
Term
What causes separation in a blood sample?
Definition
Differences in mass density
Term
What is in the buffy coat?
Definition
WBCs & Platelets
Term
What percent of the blood sample is the buffy coat in healthy animals?
Definition
1%
Term
What percent of the blood sample is PCV in healthy animals?
Definition
40% +/- 15%
Term
What does an oversized buffy coat indicate?
Definition
Increase in WBCs, due to inflammation (pathogen-free, or infection) or leukemia
Term
Do males or females have higher Hct? Why?
Definition
Males; Testosterone stimulates & Estrogen inhibits RBC production
Term
What percent of plasma are proteins?
Definition
7%
Term
What percent of plasma is water?
Definition
91.5%
Term
What percent of plasma are other solutes?
Definition
1.5%
Term
What are 3 examples of plasma proteins?
Definition
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen
Term
What are some other solutes in plasma?
Definition
Electrolytes, Nutrients, Gases, Regulators, Vitamins, & Waste Products
Term
Where are PPs derived from?
Definition
Liver & WBCs
Term
What is the PP concentration in plasma in healthy animals?
Definition
7% (7g/100ml)
Term
What are acute phase proteins that increase due to inflammation?
Definition
Globulins & Fibrinogen
Term
What type of PP increase is seen during inflammation?
Definition
Absolute increase
Term
What does the lab report show for PCV & PP in absolute increase?
Definition
PP increased, PCV normal
Term
What causes a relative increase in PP?
Definition
Hemoconcentration/Dehydration
Term
What type of PP increase is seen in dehydration?
Definition
Relative
Term
When would PP be decreased?
Definition
End-stage liver disease or blood loss
Term
What are clinical signs of decreased PP in end stage liver dz?
Definition
Decreased oncotic pressure, ascites
Term
What type of stem cells differentiate from the pluripotent stem cell pool (in relation to hemopoiesis)?
Definition
Myeloid & Lymphoid Stem Cells
Term
What cell lines differentiate from myeloid stem cells?
Definition
RBCs, Platelets, Monocytes, & Granulocytes
Term
What cell lines differentiate from lymphoid stem cells?
Definition
B-Lymphocytes & T-Lymphocytes
Term
What are the major sites of erythropoiesis in adults (& what are the #1 & #2 bones for bone marrow collection)?
Definition
Flat Bones (Pelvis, Sternum)
Term
What is hemopoiesis controlled by?
Definition
CSFs, ILs, Cytokines, Thrombopoietin, Erythropoietin
Term
CSF
Definition
Colony Stimulating Factor
Term
IL
Definition
Interleukin
Term
What is the total blood volume of adults?
Definition
6-8% (60-80ml/kg BW)
Term
Do cats have higher or lower TBV? (How much higher or lower?)
Definition
Lower (5%)
Term
Do dogs have higher or lower TBV? (How much higher or lower?)
Definition
Higher (9%)
Term
Do birds have higher or lower TBV? How much higher or lower?
Definition
Higher (10%)
Term
TBV
Definition
Total Blood Volume
Term
How much blood can be withdrawn from a patient for clinical purposes?
Definition
1% BW (10ml/kg)
Term
How much blood can be withdrawn from a healthy donor animal?
Definition
2% BW (20ml/kg)
Term
How much crystalloids can be given to severely dehydrated patients, and within what time period?
Definition
Up to TBV (7% BW) within 1 hr
Term
How much fluids can be given for maintenance of a dehydrated patient, and over what time period?
Definition
Up to TBV (7% BW) over 24 hours
Term
How much of the infused fluid will have moved out of the vascular system into the tissues within 1 hour?
Definition
75%
Term
What percent of blood cells are RBCs?
Definition
>90%
Term
What is the main function of erythrocytes?
Definition
Gas exchange & Regulation of blood pH
Term
What are erythrons?
Definition
All erythroid cells (precursors & RBCs)
Term
What is the diameter of RBCs?
Definition
4-8 micrometers
Term
Do dogs have larger or smaller RBCs?
Definition
Larger
Term
Do horses have larger or smaller RBCs?
Definition
Smaller
Term
What is the concentration of RBCs?
Definition
5-10 million/microliter
Term
What is the Hb content of a RBC?
Definition
33%
Term
What type of metabolism do RBCs use?
Definition
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Term
What animals have nucleated RBCs?
Definition
Amphibians, Fish, Reptiles, Birds
Term
What animal has the largest known RBCs?
Definition
Salamander
Term
What animal has the highest concentration of RBCs?
Definition
Goat
Term
What animal has no RBCs?
Definition
Antarctic Icefish
Term
How far do RBCs travel each day?
Definition
2.5km (1.5mi)
Term
How long do RBCs live in most species? In cats & pigs? In birds?
Definition
4-5 months, 2 months, 5 wks
Term
How many RBCs are produced each day? How many are removed?
Definition
1%
Term
Where do RBCs rupture? What absorbs them?
Definition
Spleen (tight trabeculae); Macrophages
Term
What system is responsible for selective removal of RBCs?
Definition
Mononuclear-Phagocytic System
Term
Where are the macrophages of the mononuclear-phagocytic system?
Definition
Spleen, Liver, & Bone Marrow
Term
What happens to most RBC parts after phagocytosis?
Definition
Recycled
Term
What is globin recycled into?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What is protoporphyrin?
Definition
Hem after Fe removal
Term
What is protoporphyrin converted into?
Definition
Bilirubin
Term
What is the Fe-transport form of Fe bound to PP?
Definition
Transferrin
Term
What is the Fe-storage form of Fe bound to intracellular protein?
Definition
Ferritin
Term
Where is transferrin produced?
Definition
Liver
Term
Where is ferritin stored?
Definition
Liver
Term
Where is Fe released into for Hb synthesis?
Definition
blast cells
Term
How is excess Fe stored when Fe-stores are full?
Definition
Hemosiderin (insoluble)
Term
Where is hemosiderin?
Definition
Liver, Pancreas, Heart
Term
What condition can occur when ferritin stores are full?
Definition
Hemosiderosis/Iron Storage Dz --> Toxic Cell Damage
Term
What is erythropoiesis controlled by?
Definition
Tissue Oxygenation
Term
Where are the receptors triggered by hypoxia that lead to EPO release?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
When does division of reticulocytes cease?
Definition
When critical Hb level is reached
Term
How long does it take to get from stem cell to reticulocyte?
Definition
4-5 days
Term
CFU
Definition
Colony Forming Unit
Term
How long does it take reticulocytes in circulation to mature?
Definition
1-2 days
Term
What happens when reticulocytes mature?
Definition
Loss of remaining RNA material, Loss of Hb synthesis ability
Term
What is the normal reticulocyte count in blood?
Definition
1-2%
Term
What animals do not release reticulocytes into circulation?
Definition
Horses & Ruminants
Term
What nutritional factors are required for erythropoiesis?
Definition
Iron, Folic Acid, Vit B2,6,12
Term
How long does it take for elevated #s of reticulocytes to appear in blood?
Definition
3-5 days
Term
How high does the reticulocyte count go after a challenge in dogs?
Definition
25%
Term
How long until peak production of reticulocytes is seen?
Definition
1 wk
Term
How long does full replacement of RBCs take after a severe challenge?
Definition
2 wk
Term
When does the buffy coat turn pink?
Definition
Nucleated RBCs (metarubricytes, rubricytes, rubriblasts in circulation)
Term
Do immature RBCs contribute to O2 carrying capacity?
Definition
Yes
Term
How is Hct measured?
Definition
L RBC/L blood
Term
What can cause microcytic MCV?
Definition
Fe-deficiency
Term
What can cause hypochromic MCHC?
Definition
Fe-deficiency, reticulocytosis
Term
What can cause hyperchromic MCHC?
Definition
This is an artifact due to hemolytic sample
Term
What is anemia?
Definition
Deficiency in oxygen carrying capacity
Term
What type of anemia is hemorrhagic anemia?
Definition
Hemmorhagic, Macrocytic, Hypochromic, Regenerative
Term
What type of anemia is hemolytic anemia?
Definition
Hemolytic, Macrocytic, Hypochromic, Regenerative
Term
What animal commonly has sickle cell anemia?
Definition
Deer
Term
What is wrong in dyshemopoietic anemia?
Definition
Something with RBC production
Term
What type of anemia is a nutritional deficiency?
Definition
Dyshemopoietic, non-regenerative, microcytic, hypochromic
Term
What type of anemia is from chronic inflammatory disorders?
Definition
Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic
Term
What is released in ACD/AID?
Definition
Cytokines or TNF
Term
What happens in ACD/AID?
Definition
Erythropoiesis suppressed
Term
ACD
Definition
Anemia of Chronic Disorders
Term
AID
Definition
Anemia of Inflammatory Disorders
Term
What type of anemia is chronic renal disease?
Definition
Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic
Term
What type of anemia is drug-related suppression?
Definition
Dyshemopoietic, nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic
Term
What are consequences of anemia?
Definition
Decreased ATP (exercise intolerance), Anaerobic Metabolism, Lactic acid build up, Dysfunction of Na/K Pump leading to depolarization (Tremors, Shivering), Hyperkalemia, Cell swelling & death, Bradycardia & Cardiac Arrest
Term
What is the compensation for anemia?
Definition
EPO, Hyperventilation, Vasodilation
Term
What occurs quickly after compensation for anemia?
Definition
Sympathetic NS response, Vasoconstriction, Increased HR, Increased CO, Increase BP, Increased tissue perfusion
Term
What organs are most vulnerable to anemia?
Definition
Brain, Liver, Kidneys, GI Tract
Term
Is primary polycythemia common or rare?
Definition
Rare
Term
Is secondary polycythemia common or rare?
Definition
Common
Term
What is another name for primary polycythemia?
Definition
P. vera
Term
How much does Hct increase in primary polycythemia?
Definition
60-70%
Term
What breeds have naturally high PCV values?
Definition
Sighthounds
Term
What are some causes for secondary polycythemia?
Definition
High Altitude, Cardiac Failure, Lung Disease
Term
What type of polycythemia increases Hct by a few %, with plasma unchanged?
Definition
Secondary
Term
What causes transient polycythemia?
Definition
Spleen contraction due to excitement & exercise
Term
What is another name for transient polycythemia?
Definition
Physiological Polycythemia
Term
Which type of polycythemia displays elevated PCV with normal plasma proteins?
Definition
Transient & Secondary
Term
Is relative polycythemia common or rare?
Definition
Very common
Term
What type of polycythemia is caused by dehydration/fluid loss?
Definition
Relative
Term
Which type of polycythemia displays hemoconcentration?
Definition
Relative
Term
What type of polycythemia shows as elevated PCV & elevated PP?
Definition
Relative
Term
What determines blood type?
Definition
Antigens on RBCs
Term
What are the 2 types of blood type antigens?
Definition
With & Without Natural Abs
Term
How are natural antibodies acquired?
Definition
Ags are taken in w/ food & the body develops Abs
Term
What animals have natural Abs?
Definition
Cats & Humans
Term
What is the blood type system in cats?
Definition
A-B
Term
What is the blood type system in humans?
Definition
O-A-B
Term
What is the least antigenic blood type in dogs?
Definition
4
Term
What are the different blood types of dogs?
Definition
1.1,1.2,3,4,5,6,7,8
Term
What is the blood type system of the horse?
Definition
A C Q R S
Term
What is the blood type system of the cow?
Definition
B J A F
Term
What are the most important antigenic groups in dogs?
Definition
1.1, 1.2, 7
Term
What happens in the first transfusion when Abs are not present?
Definition
Mild delayed reaction
Term
What happens in the second transfusion in an animal who did not have natural Abs?
Definition
Full-blown immune response against transfused RBCs
Term
What is the major cross-matching reaction?
Definition
expose donor RBCs to recipient plasma & observe for agglutination
Term
What is the minor cross-matching reaction?
Definition
expose recipient's RBCs to donor's plasma & observe for agglutination
Term
How can you avoid the minor reaction in a blood transfusion?
Definition
Remove plasma from donor blood
Term
What are 3 important characteristics of hemostasis?
Definition
Fast, Localized, Carefully Controlled
Term
What is hemostasis?
Definition
Sequence of responses that stop bleeding
Term
What are the 5 steps of hemostasis?
Definition
Vasospasm, Platelet Plug Formation (Primary Hemostasis), Blood Clot Formation (Secondary Hemostasis), Healing, Clot Removal (Fibrinolysis)
Term
Which step of hemostasis does not involve thrombocytes?
Definition
Fibrinolysis
Term
What is the size of platelets in mammals?
Definition
2-4 micrometers
Term
What is the concentration of platelets?
Definition
150,000-300,000/microliter
Term
What is the approximate half life of platelets?
Definition
10 days
Term
What controls platelet formation?
Definition
Hepatic Thrombopoietin
Term
What is released to cause vasospasm?
Definition
Endothelin from damaged cells, & Thromboxane A2 and serotonin from platelets
Term
How long can vasospasm last?
Definition
Minutes to hours
Term
What is released by damaged endothelial cells?
Definition
vWF
Term
What binds to vWF?
Definition
Platelets
Term
What does binding of platelets activate platelets to do in platelet plug formation?
Definition
Send out pseudopodia to interact w/ e/o, Release serotonin & Thromboxane A2 to promote vasospasm, Release ADP & Thromboxane A2 to attract more platelets, Release ADP & Fibronectin to promote adhesion, Release platelet factors involved in clotting, expose receptor sites for Fibrinogen & Prothrombin
Term
What inhibits platelet plug formation in healthy vessels?
Definition
Prostacycline
Term
How long does formation of the loose plug take?
Definition
1-2 minutes
Term
Which step of hemostasis is crucial to seal off thousands of minute ruptures that occur every day?
Definition
Platelet Plug Formation
Term
What happens in platelet plug formation with larger injuries?
Definition
Clotting cascade activated to stabilize platelet plug w/ fibrin strands
Term
What is fibrinogen, where is it produced, and where is it always present?
Definition
a plasma protein; liver; in circulation
Term
What converts prothrombin to thrombin?
Definition
Prothrombin activator complex
Term
What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Definition
Thrombin
Term
How long does clot formation take?
Definition
3-6 min
Term
What is the most important step of hemostasis in a severe injury?
Definition
Clot formation
Term
What is formed by both the intrinsic and extrinsic p'ways?
Definition
Prothrombin Activator Complex
Term
What occurs in the common p'way?
Definition
Activation of prothrombin to thrombin
Term
How many clotting factors are there?
Definition
>50
Term
What are some types of clotting factors?
Definition
hepatic plasma factors, platelet factors, tissue factors, & calcium
Term
What happens if any clotting factor is missing?
Definition
Bleeding disorders
Term
Which coagulation system is tissue-based?
Definition
Extrinsic
Term
Which coagulation system is plasma-based?
Definition
Intrinsic
Term
What is the main factor in the extrinsic system?
Definition
Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin)
Term
What is the main factor in the intrinsic system?
Definition
Factor XII
Term
How long does the extrinsic system take?
Definition
15-30 sec
Term
How long does the intrinsic system take?
Definition
1-6 min
Term
What element is used in the enzymatic cascade for both the intrinsic and extrinsic systems?
Definition
Ca
Term
Where are the factors of the extrinsic system made?
Definition
Liver & Platelets
Term
Where are the factors of the intrinsic system made?
Definition
Liver
Term
For which system is bleeding not necessary? (E or I)
Definition
Intrinsic
Term
Which system is faster & more powerful? (E or I)
Definition
Extrinsic
Term
What is prothrombin?
Definition
a hepatic alpha globulin
Term
What does the synthesis of prothrombin depend on?
Definition
Vit K
Term
What are the effects of Thrombin?
Definition
Positive feedback on E & I & platelet aggregation
Term
What is the most powerful factor in the common p'way cascade?
Definition
Thrombin
Term
What does thrombin do?
Definition
Hydrolyzes soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin monomers
Term
What destroys delocalized thrombin?
Definition
Antithrombin III
Term
What is the final stage of coagulation?
Definition
Fibrinolysis
Term
What happens to fibrin monomers during coagulation?
Definition
Polymerization into long, cross-linked fibers w/i & around platelet plug to form a stable clot
Term
What happens within 30 min after bleeding is stopped by clot formation?
Definition
Platelets contract more & pull fibrin threads together --> clot retraction
Term
What is serum?
Definition
Plasma minus clotting factors
Term
What is the blood fluid that remains after hemostasis has occurred?
Definition
Serum
Term
What stimulates fibroblasts in the healing process of hemostasis?
Definition
Endothelial Growth Factor
Term
What serves as a scaffolding for invading fibroblasts during healing?
Definition
Fibrin meshwork
Term
What is released 1-2 days after clot formation?
Definition
tissue-Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
Term
How long after clot formation is tPA released?
Definition
1-2 days
Term
What does tPA activate?
Definition
Plasminogen to Plasmin
Term
What does plasmin do?
Definition
Hydrolyzes fibrin fibers + clotting factors
Term
What are hydrolyzed fibrin fibers?
Definition
Fibrin Degradation Products
Term
FDP
Definition
Fibrin Degradation Product
Term
What removes FDPs?
Definition
Macrophages
Term
What happens once FDPs are removed?
Definition
Dissolution of clot & opening of blood vessel
Term
What is plasmin?
Definition
An active, proteolytic enzyme
Term
What prevents unnecessary plug/clot formation in vivo?
Definition
Hemostatic control mechanisms
Term
What characteristic of the blood vessels prevents hemostasis?
Definition
Smoothness of endothelial cells prevent platelet adhesion & activation
Term
What is secreted by intact endothelial cells & WBCs to inhibit platelet adhesion?
Definition
Prostacyclin & Nitric Oxide
Term
What binds thrombin to prevent excessive clot formation?
Definition
Fibrin
Term
What combines with Antithrombin III to augment its effectiveness?
Definition
Heparin
Term
What cells produce heparin?
Definition
Mast Cells & Basophils
Term
What are in vitro anticoagulants? Give 4 examples.
Definition
Calcium binding agents; Citrate, Oxalate, EDTA, Heparin
Term
Give 3 examples of in vivo anticoagulants.
Definition
Heparin, Vit K antagonists, Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (NSAIDs)
Term
Can calcium binding agents be used as anticoagulants in vivo?
Definition
No
Term
Can Vit K antagonists be used as anticoagulants in vitro?
Definition
No
Term
Mucosal Bleeding Time
Definition
Stop time until bleeding stops after a standardized small incision into skin or mucosa
Term
What is measured by Mucosal Bleeding Time?
Definition
Functionality of vWF & platelets to plug minute injuries
Term
OSPT
Definition
One Stage Prothrombin Time
Term
What does OSPT measure?
Definition
clot formation in citrated plasma after addition of tissue factor, platelet factors, & Ca
Term
What p'ways are measured by OSPT?
Definition
Extrinsic & Common
Term
What is the expected time of OSPT?
Definition
<10s
Term
What is the expected Mucosal Bleeding Time?
Definition
1-5min
Term
APTT
Definition
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Term
What is measured by APTT?
Definition
Clot formation after clean venipuncture in citrated plasma & addition of contact activator diatomaceous earth, platelet factors, & Ca
Term
What p'ways are measured by APTT?
Definition
Intrinsic & Common
Term
What is the expected time of APTT?
Definition
1-2min
Term
What is the most common cause of increased bleeding tendency?
Definition
Thrombocytopenia
Term
What is thrombocytopenia?
Definition
Decreased production or increased destruction or consumption of platelets
Term
What causes decreased production of platelets?
Definition
bone marrow suppression, drugs, FeLV, estrogen
Term
What can cause increased destruction of platelets?
Definition
Immune mediated response
Term
What can cause consumption of platelets?
Definition
Septicemia
Term
What is the most common bleeding disorder in animals due to genetic lack/insufficiency of vWF?
Definition
von Willebrand's dz
Term
What happens in vW dz?
Definition
Platelets fail to adhere to injury sites --> Spontaneous bleeding
Term
What are 2 types of spontaneous bleeding caused by vW dz?
Definition
Petechial or Ecchymotic
Term
How many breeds has vW dz been described in?
Definition
~60
Term
What breed of dog has a prevalence of vW dz?
Definition
Dobermans
Term
What % of Dobermans have vW dz?
Definition
70%
Term
What step of hemostasis is affected by vW dz?
Definition
Platelet Plug
Term
What are 2 types of rodenticides that are Vit K antagonists?
Definition
Coumarin & Warfarin
Term
What occurs in Vit K deficiency?
Definition
Impairment of liver synthesis of several clotting factors, most importantly Prothrombin
Term
What is hemophilia? How prevalent is it in animals?
Definition
Genetic deficiencies in a clotting factor; Very rare
Term
Where are signs of vW dz most commonly seen?
Definition
High friction sites (elbows, chest, under collar)
Term
What is thrombosis?
Definition
Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
Term
What can cause thrombosis?
Definition
Stasis, atherosclerosis, trauma, parasites, tumors
Term
What occurs if a thrombus dislodges?
Definition
Embolism
Term
What do embolisms cause?
Definition
Blocking of blood vessels leading to ischemia
Term
What is a Saddle Thrombus, and what animals commonly display them?
Definition
Aortic thromboembolism, Cats
Term
What causes saddle thrombus?
Definition
Myocardial dz --> Thrombus formation in LA --> Embolism into aorta --> Lodges at Cd Trifurcation, blocking blood supply to iliac aa.
Term
What can be administered to dissolve a saddle thrombus?
Definition
tPA
Term
What are some signs of saddle thrombus?
Definition
Crying, dragging PLs, paresis of PLs, Cyanosis of toenails in PLs, Cold PLs
Term
What would occur from blocked blood vessels from a saddle thrombus?
Definition
Tissue death (necrosis)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!