Shared Flashcard Set

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Heart Sounds 2
PE Skills
62
Medical
Graduate
10/21/2010

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Cards

Term
A murmur is a sound related to...
Definition
turbulent blood flow in the heart
Term
A murmur is a sound that occurs over _____ duration.
Definition
long
Term
A murmur can be heard...
Definition
anywhere in the cardiac cycle
Term
Murmurs are usually associated with ______ ________.
Definition
heart disease
(except for innocent murmurs)
Term
The characteristics of a murmur are affected by ______ and _______.
Definition
pressure and volume
Term
High-pitched murmurs are associated with _____ pressures and are on the _____ side of the heart.
Definition
higher; left
Term
Low-pitched murmurs are associated with ______ pressures and are on the ______ side of the heart.
Definition
lower; right
Term
How do you document timing of a murmur?
Definition
diastolic/systolic
early/mid/late
Term
How do you document duration of a murmur?
Definition
holosystolic or holodiastolic
continuous
Term
How do you document pitch of a murmur?
Definition
high, medium, or low
Term
Left-sided murmurs tend to be _____ or _____ pitched.
Definition
high or medium
Term
Right-sided murmurs tend to be _____ pitched.
Definition
low
Term
Noting the location of where the murmur is heard the loudest is useful in...
Definition
determining the etiology of the murmur
Term
How is the radiation of a murmur tracked?
Definition
by "inching" the stethoscope
Term
A murmur can radiate anywhere in the _____ or ______.
Definition
thorax and neck
Term
Mitral regurgitation is heard loudest over the _______ and radiates to the ______ ________.
Definition
apex; left axilla
Term
Aortic stenosis is heard loudest over the _______ and radiates to the _____ _______.
Definition
aorta; right carotid
Term
IHSS
Definition
ideopathic hypertrophic subaortal stenosis
Term
grade I murmur
Definition
barely audible in a quiet room (very faint)
Term
grade II murmur
Definition
heard with careful aid of the stethoscope
Term
grade III murmur
Definition
heard easily and considered moderately loud
Term
grade IV murmur
Definition
grade III plus a palpable thrill
Term
grade V murmur
Definition
loud and associated with easily palpable thrill
Term
grade VI murmur
Definition
audible with stethoscope off chest, associated with visible and palpable thrill
Term
The intensity of a heart murmur is influenced by...
Definition
-pressure
-blood viscosity
-blood volume
-lesion
-obesity, chest shape, etc.
Term
Increased pressure leads to _________ intensity of the murmur.
Definition
increased
Term
Decreased blood viscosity leads to ________ intensity of the murmur.
Definition
increased
Term
Increased blood volume leads to _______ intensity of the murmur.
Definition
increased
Term
______-sided lesions tend to be louder.
Definition
left
Term
Obesity, chest shape, etc. can ______ intensity of the murmur.
Definition
reduce
Term
What are the four descriptors for the quality of a murmur?
Definition
blowing
musical
machinery
harsh
Term
What are the five murmur shapes?
Definition
crescendo
descrescendo
crescendo-decrescendo (diamond-shaped)
pan or holo
combinations of the above
Term
What are the three types of murmurs?
Definition
ejection
regurgitant
continuous
Term
Ejection murmurs are associated with...
Definition
ejection of blood during systole
Term
Regurgitant murmurs can be _____ or _____.
Definition
systolic or diastolic
Term
Continuous murmurs are associated with...
Definition
defects in the heart wall (ASD, VSD)
Term
Innocent murmurs may be heard in...
Definition
pediatric patients
patients with a thin chest
young athletic patients
Term
An innocent murmur may be associated with increased ______ ______ or decreased _______.
Definition
blood flow; viscosity (pregnancy, anemia)
Term
Always consider the patient's condition before labeling the murmur as innocent!
Definition
Term
Innocent murmurs are usually grade ___ or less, heard best along the ______ _____ _____, ______-pitched, _____ quality, and of _____ duration.
Definition
II
left sternal border
medium
soft
short
Term
___ is normal in an innocent murmur.
Definition
S2
Term
How might innocent murmurs be enhanced?
Definition
maneuvers that increase blood flow to the heart (laying supine with legs elevated)
Term
Innocent murmurs may ______ when the patient is sitting.
Definition
disappear
Term
When are innocent murmurs usually heard?
Definition
early to mid-systolic
Term
What is another name for systolic ejection murmurs?
Definition
outflow obstruction murmurs
Term
What are the three potential etiologies of ejection murmurs?
Definition
aortic stenosis
pulmonary stenosis
IHSS
Term
What is another name for regurgitant murmurs?
Definition
backflow murmurs
Term
What are the four types of regurgitant murmurs?
Definition
mitral regurgitation
aortic regurgitation
pulmonic regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation
Term
What is a to-fro murmur?
Definition
aortic stenosis with regurgitation
Term
Continuous murmurs occur during....
Definition
systole and diastole
Term
What are the two potential etiologies of continuous murmurs?
Definition
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
Term
What is a bruit?
Definition
sound of turbulent blood flow within an artery
Term
What is a venous hum?
Definition
sound of turbulent blood flow within a vein
Term
A cardiac rub is associated with...
Definition
movement of the heart within the inflamed pericardial sac
Term
A rub may occur in...
Definition
any or all phases of the heart cycle
Term
A rub may disappear as _______ develops.
Definition
effusion
Term
What should you think when you hear a rub?
Definition
pericarditis
Term
An opening snap is a _____-pitched sound.
Definition
high
Term
What causes an opening snap?
Definition
diseased aortic valve
Term
What can an opening snap be confused with?
Definition
split S1 or an S4
Term
A click is a ____-pitched sound heard in ______.
Definition
high; systole (early, mid, or late)
Term
What is associated with a systolic click?
Definition
diseased mitral valve (mitral valve prolapse)
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