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Heart Physio
Ross University
37
Physiology
Graduate
11/21/2009

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Cards

Term
Concentric Hypertrophy, sound? cause?
Definition
Thickened ventricular wall, unchanged ventricular chamber. S4 sound. Cuz of incr afterload (chronic HT, aortic stenosis)
Term
Eccentric Hypertrophy (dilated). Sound? Cause?
Definition
Thick ventricle wall, incr ventricle chamber diameter. S3 sound. Cuz of volume overload, incr preload (mitral / aortic regurge)
Term
S3 heart sound
Definition
Patho - large EDV (aortic/mitral regurge)
Gallop rhythm S1-S2-S3
Term
S4 heart sound
Definition
patho - during atrial contraction. thick stiff ventricle walls (aortic stenosis, chronic HT)
Gallop rhytm. S4-S1-S2
Term
Metabolites for local control of blood flow in Brain, Heart, Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Brain - CO2, Heart - Adenosine, NO, Skeletal muscle - Adenosine, Potasium.
Term
Alpha Receptors - affect on arteries
Definition
constriction (none found on coronary aa)
Term
Sympathetic affect on arteries
Definition
constriction
Term
High Pressure baroreceptors. Where? what stimulus?
Definition
Aortic Arch, Carotid Sinus. Blood Pressure (incr stretch)
Term
Low pressure baroreceptors found? What stimulus?
Definition
Vena Cava, Atria, Pulmonary artery. Volume.
Term
Metalbolic Theory of blood flow
Definition
metabolic byproducts, paracrine substances affect blood flow
Term
histamines function. produced?
Definition
vaso dilate, produced by mast cells
Term
bradykinnen. example. function
Definition
NO, vasodilator
Term
Prostoglandins. example. function
Definition
arachodonic acid. vasoconstriction.
Term
Nitric Oxide. 3 modes of production.
Definition
Paracrine agents (histamine, bradykinnen)
ACh release (parasympathetic) cholinergic nerves (sympathetic)
Increased Shear Stress
Term
Autoregulation of blood flow. where? what values of MAP. clinical application?
Definition
Coronary blood flow. Brain. maintain flow between 60 and 180 MAP. Important in hemoorhage & HT
Term
Active hyperemia
Definition
Incr blood flow due to incr metabolites (during exersize)
Term
Reactive Hyperemia
Definition
short interruption of blood flow - then get vasodilation and incr blood flow after constriction release. (occlusive exersize - weight lifting)
Term
Relationship betw VR (venous return) & RAP (Right Atrial Pressure) & Driving Pressure (DP)
Definition

RAP incr - Driving Pressure decr - VR decr

or RAP decr - DP incr - VR incr

Term
Cause of incr in RAP (right atrial pressure)
Definition
Right heart failure, tricuspid stenosis
Term
cause of decr in RAP (right atrial pressure)
Definition
incr in atrial contractility (sucks more blood into atrium)
Term
Exercise affect on SV, Systolic Pressure, Diastolic P, HR
Definition
incr SV. incr Systolic. No Change Diast. Incr HR.
Term
Fick's Principle; CO =
Definition
CO = VO2/Ca - Cv or volume of Oxygen consumption / (Aorta O2 content - Pulmonary O2 content)
Term
Bulk flow =
Definition
P/R or Aortic Pressure / Resistance
Term
CO (cardiac output) =
Definition
HR x SV or Heart Rate x Stroke volume
Term
EF (ejection fraction) =
Definition
SV(stroke volume) / EDV(end diastolic volume)
Term
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) =
Definition
CO(cardiac output) x TPR(total peripheral resistance)
or Pdias + 1/3(Psys - Pdias)
Term
Pulse Pressure =
Definition
Psys - Pdias
Term
When standing up, what happens to lower extremity veins to normalize venous return?
Definition
Sympathetic constriction of veins. Muscle contraction push blood back up.
Term
Orthostatic Hypotension, what is it, what causes it?
Definition
Inability to restore BP when standing up. Due to hypovolemic, or impaired baroreceptor reflex.
Term
Phase I Valsalva.
Definition
Intrathoracic Pressure up - compress intrathoracic blood vessels - displace blood to heart - elevate CO & Aortic Pressure - baroreceptor reflex - reduce HR
Term
Phase II Valsalva
Definition
Slow blood flow from outside veins of thoracic region - decrease venous return & CO & BP - baroreceptor - incr HR
Term
Phase III Valsalva
Definition
Release breath - intrathoracic pressure down - vessels expand - enhanced blood flow - first fills veins and atria - thus reduced venous return & CO - baroreceptor reflex - incr HR & TPR
Term
Phase IV valsalva
Definition
Intrathoracic veins & atria fill quick - incr VR & CO - high CO pumped against elevated TPR fr phase III thus BP go up - baroreceptor return BP to normal by adjusting HR & TPR
Term
Dangers of Valsalva
Definition
chronic constipation - get hemorrhoids.
weight lifters exhale when lift to prevent problem.
cardiac pt - death if valsalva thus control constipation.
Term
Reflex to Hemorrhage
Definition
Incr HR. incr cardiac contractility. incr TPR. decr venous compliance.
Term
Irreversible Shock
Definition
blood volume fall by 20% or reflex comp sustained longer than 30 min.
Term
Cardiac Index Calculation
Definition
CO / BSA(body surface area)
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