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Heart Failure
Care of the client w/heart failure
23
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
03/29/2011

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

HEART FAILURE

Definition

when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic needs

 

Common to all HF pts:

 

Chronic, progressive changes to the heart that result in declining pumping ability

Term

 

 

 

HEART FAILURE

cont.

Definition

more people are living longer w/Heart disease so the incidence of develping may be higher

 

INCREASE RISKS:

Aging

DM

Obesity

Hyperlipidemia

ETOH/alcohol abuse

 

Prognosis depends on nature of underlying heart disease & whether or not the cause can be identified & TX.

Term

 

 

CLASSIFICATION

of

HEART FAILURE

Definition

Systolic vs. Diastolic

 

Left vs. Right

 

Acute vs. Chronic

Term

 

 

 

Compensatory

Mechanisms

Definition

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

 

*releases catecholamines to increase HR, myocardial contractility, & perpheral vasoconstriction.

 

*Stroke volume (SV) increases to maintain Cardiac output

Term

compensatory mechanisms of HF over time

 

 

SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

Definition

can lead to

increased myocardial O2 consumption

 

ventricular hypertrophy

 

increased cardiac work load

 

which means...

 

DECREASED Cardiac output

 

Term

compensatory mechanisms of HF over time

 

 

ACTIVATION

of

RENIN- ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE

SYSTEM

Definition

DECREASED cardiac output leads to KIDNEYS to respond w/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sysytem:

 

Causes:

 

INCREASED systemic vascular resistance

 

INCREASED Na+ & H2O absorption

-results in ehanced preload, afterload, & cardiac contractility

Term

compensatory mechanisms of HF over time

 

 

 

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE

Definition

Enhanced preload dilates the LEFT ventricle: eventually becomes over stretched

 

Ventricular contractility depresses

 

Congestive symptoms develop

Term

 

CONSEQUENCES

of

COMPENSATORY
MECHANISMS

of

HEART FAILURE

Definition

elevation of pressure in the chambers of the heart

 

results in accumulation of blood in systemic & pulmonary veins

 

eventually results in congestion of organs drained by these veins

Term

 

 

 

SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE

(more common)

Definition

LEFT ventrical cannot contract adequately

 

PRELOAD INCREASES & STROKE VOLUME DECREASES

 

Pressure builds in PULMONARY VENOUS SYTEM

Term

 

 

 

DIASTOLIC HEART FAILURE

(less common, but still 40% of people)

Definition

VENTRICULAR FILLING & relaxation during diastole is IMPAIRED

 

Occurs when hearts ability to relax DECREASES

EX. hypertension

 

Require higher volume of blood in VENTRICLES to maintain cardiac output

 

Causes PULMONARY congestion & PERIPHERAL EDEMA

Term

 

 

 

LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE

(Blood backs up into lungs)

Definition

LEFT ventricle stroke volume reduced

 

Blood backs up into the LEFT side of the heart & pulmonary circulation

 

Pulmonary pressure increases

Term

 

 

 

RIGHT SIDEDE HEART FAILURE

(blood backs up into systemic circulation)

Definition

RIGHT ventricle cannot empty or blood backs up into it from the PULMOARY circulation

 

Bllod backs up into systemic circulation to cause LIVER congestion & peripheral EDEMA

Term

 

 

S/SX

of

RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE

Definition

fatigue

 

diff. concentrating

 

edema & dependent edema

 

increased abd. girth

 

nocturia

 

JVD (jugular vein distension)

Term

 

 

S/SX

of

LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE

Definition

dyspnea

 

crackles

 

orthopnea (SOB when lying flat)

 

Paroxymal Nocturnal Dyspnea

(SOB @night, can wake pt)

 

cough

 

Cheyne Stoke breathing

(abnormal breathing pattern=deeper; sometimes faster w/periods of apnea)

 

weakness

 

fatigue

 

diif. concentrating

 

palpitations

 

decreased exercise tolernce

Term

 

 

NSG

Assesment

of pt.'s

HEART FAILURE

Definition

ASSESS:

 

GENERAL:

 fatigue

decreased activity intolerance

dependent edema

wt gain

 

CARDIO:

3rd heart sound (S3)

apical impulse enlarged w/left lateral displacement 

pallor & cyanosis

 Jugular vein distention (JVD)

 

RESP:

 dyspena on exertion

 pulmonary crackles that do not clear w/cough

 orthopnea

 paroxymal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

 cough on exertion or when supine

 

CEREBROVASCULAR:

 unexplained confusion or altered mental status 

lightheadedness

 

RENAL:

 oliguria & decreased freq. during the day

 nocturia

 

GASTRO:

 anorexia

 nausea

 enlarged liver (right sided)

 ascites (accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity)

 hepatojular reflux

(distention of neck veins precipiated by the firm pressure on liver)

 

Term

 

 

DX TESTS
of

HEART FAILURE

Definition

chest xray

 

ECG

 

echocardiogram

 

radionuclide studies

 

serum bilirubin, BNP assay, ABGs

 

cardiac enzymes

 

liver enzymes

 

pulmonary artery catheters

Term

 

 

TX

for

HEART FAILURE

clients

Definition

aim to relieve symptoms & improve exercise tolerrnace

 

do this with:

rest

reduced PRELOAD

reduced AFTERLOAD

improve cardiac contractility

Term

 

 

 

TX of HEART FAILURE:

cont.

Definition

REDUCE PRELOAD:

Na+ & H2O restriction

Diuretics

Vasodilators

 

REDUCE AFTERLOAD:

Ace inhibitors

beta blockers

vasodilators

 

IMPROVE CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY:

DIGOXIN (Digitalis)

-Dig toxicity of concern

Term

 

 

S/SX

of

DIGOXIN (DIGITALIS) TOXICITY:

Definition

CARDIO:

bradycardia

tachycardia

 

Bigeminy: arrhythmia; abnormal heart beats occur every other concurrent beat.

 

Ectopic beats: beats occur outside regions of the heart.

 

Pulse deficit: deficit b/t count of HR & pulse rate.

 

GASTRO:

anorexia

N/V/D

abd. pain

 

NEURO:

HA

double vision

blurred or colored vision

drowsiness

confusion

restlessness

irritability

muscle weakness

 

Term

 

 

TREATMENT of HF

in

addition to MEDS.

Definition

Rest & activity:

encourage to be as active as possible

divide tasks to min. resp. distress/diff. or extreme fatigue

 

Oxygenation:

positioning

O2 & O2 monitoring

ABGs

 

Fluid & Nutrition:

daily wts

monitor I/O (may have foley)

may need fluid restriction

monitor LS

assess for edema

monitor electrolyte changes (esp., when on diuretics)

Na+ restricted diet, when fluid retention is a prob.

avoid excessive fluid intake (about 2L a day)

Term

 

Altered health maintenance

R/T

knowledge deficit

of

HEART FAILURE

Definition

what to teach:

 

explain S/SX of worsening HF

discuss exercise programs

teach about meds

teach about specific diet & fluid restrictions

*simple clear explaination about patho of HF.

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