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Health in Emergencies
Health in Emergencies
106
Medical
Post-Graduate
01/11/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the 4Cs of measles?
Definition
coryza (runny nose)
conjunctivitis
clinician suspects measles
Koplik’s spots (white spots in mouth unique to measles)
Term
What is the leading cause of death amongst young children?
Definition
Measles
Term
how is measles transmitted?
Definition
human <-> human air-borne transmission, meaning if everyone was vaccinated it would be eradicated
Term
What are the objectives of relief programmes?
Definition
reduce morbidity and mortality
build on local capacities, integrating into existing systems (main objective is not building better!)
fill gap between vital needs and what community can provide
Term
Concept of ‘vital needs’
Definition
5L of water/person/day
2100 calories
3m of shelter
basic health care
Term
Phases of disasters
Definition
pre-emergency
impact and flight
acute emergency
situation: basic needs not covered, high crude mortality rate, risk of epidemics, malnutrition
post-emergency
repatriation
rehabilitation/reconstruction
Term
Ten priorities in an acute emergency
Definition
rapid initial assessment
measles immunization
water and sanitation
food and nutrition
shelter and site planning
health care
control of epidemics
public health surveillance
human resource management
coordination
Term
What is an assessment? What are its goals?
Definition
gathers information for analysis, and provides a basis planning and implementing the emergency operation
confirm emergency/scale, describe, measure potential impact, find priorities
needs to be speedy and accurate: half the whole picture is better than a whole of the half picture!
Term
what are the complications of measles?
Definition
complications (5-10% of cases): blindness, heart, throat, and ear problems, secondary: malnutrition
Term
vaccination of measles?
Definition
target population: 6-15 months
add vitamin A
easy and quick: 10 people can vaccinate over 1,000 children in one day
Term
measles treatment?
Definition
rest, nursing, and diet; vitamin A
Term
what diseases are related to access to water (amounts)
Definition
absolute minimum: 1L/person/day
less than 3L: death
less than 10: diarrhea
less than 15: scabies
how to make safe drinking water? chlorine
maximum distance for collection: 500 m, and 2 clean collecting containers/household
250 g soap/person/month
potable water: no pathogens, is clear, not salty, no colour, odour, taste, etc.
quantity over quality
Term
what are the 7 sections of WASH?
Definition
policy
hygiene promotion
water supply
excreta disposal
vector control
solid waste management
drainage
Term
what is the criteria for site selection?
Definition
criteria for site selection: security, water, accessibility, slope for water drainage
Term
what are primary and secondary morbidity?
Definition
primary morbidity: trauma caused by impact, before humanitarians can come
secondary morbidity: epidemics
Term
what are the sources of epidemics?
Definition
sources: brought with refugees, present in environment then transferred to population, or due to conditions (i.e. overcrowding)
Term
what data is needed for public health surveillance?
Definition
demography, mortality, morbidity, basic needs, and programme activities
Term
what is a respiratory tract infection?
Definition
most common serious illness in childhood (1/3 of children worldwide under 1)
upper RTI: sore throat/cough, unlikely to cause death but can weaken child
lower RTI: pneumonia
Term
what is a vector?
Definition
any animal/arthropod capable of carrying disease pathogens from one host to another
Term
what are prevention and control programmes?
Definition
purpose: source reduction, prevent transmission, protect the vulnerable, and continue surveillance
types: personal, medical, environmental, health promotion
examples of malaria control: indoor DDT spray, bed nets, etc.
Term
what is a water-borne disease?
Definition
caused by ingestion of water contaminated by excrement or pollution
examples: cholera, typhoid
Term
what is a water-washed disease?
Definition
caused by poor personal hygiene and contact with contaminated water
examples: scabies, typhus
Term
what is a water-based disease?
Definition
caused by parasites in organisms living in contaminated water
example: guinea worm
Term
what is a water-related disease?
Definition
caused by insect vectors that breed or feed near contaminated water
examples: malaria, dengue
Term
what are the waste standards?
Definition
latrines: max 20 people/toilet, no more than 50m from dwelling
solid waste: no more than 100m from house to refuse pit
Term
what are the SPHERE WASH standards?
Definition
hygiene promotion
water supply
excreta disposal
vector control
solid waste management
drainage
Term
in what kind of communities are most cholera outbreaks?
Definition
urban areas
Term
how is cholera spread?
Definition
food/water, contaminated hands, cholera treatment centers (well family can get sick), corpse of a cholera patient (during funeral)
Term
how does cholera work?
Definition
changes body to pump out water instead of taking it in
Term
what is the treatment for cholera?
Definition
drink a lot (alone if able or via IV), recovery in about two days
1L water, 1 spoon of salt, 8 spoons of sugar
Term
what are the steps in a cholera outbreak?
Definition
report to local authorities
early case finding and contact tracing
establish treatment centers (expected cases: 5% of population)
Red Cross cholera kit (15,000e for 625 treatments)
health education
sanitation/waste management
safe water supply
food safety
disinfection/disposal of dead bodies
Term
why is the cholera vaccine
Definition
potent vaccine but needs to be ingested twice in a week and very expensive, valid only for a few years
Term
what is the definition of epidemic?
Definition
needs to be more cases than you’d expect (so for measles, 1 case is an epidemic), in a certain area and in a certain space of time
Term
what is the definition of endemic?
Definition
when a disease is found in a certain area year-round
Term
what is a pandemic?
Definition
an epidemic that spreads all over the world
Term
what are some different modes of transmission?
Definition
person -> person (air, blood, sexual, oral, fecal)
environment -> person (food/water, surface)
animal -> person (vectors)
Term
why may there be a rapid decline in an epidemic?
Definition
maybe vector in decline due to temperature
maybe everyone who could possibly get sick already did
Term
how long did the ICRC field hospital in Haiti take to be set up?
Definition
3 days
Term
what is a massive threat after natural disasters? what is over-estmated?
Definition
surgery over-estimed, infectious/communicable diseases a huge threat
Term
by when are casualities back to normal following a natural disaster?
Definition
day 6
Term
how do you treat children with a broken leg?
Definition
stick it up in the air!
Term
name some common surgeries in humanitarian settings
Definition
c-section, chest-lung injuries, fractures, wounds and burns
Term
how to control STIs?
Definition
barriers and vaccines, health promotion, case management
Term
complications from STIs
Definition
infertility, infection, cancer, AIDS, death
Term
what should you do if someone has TB?
Definition
do not treat unless you can do so for at least 6 months, otherwise they will become resistant
Term
HIV in ... disaster preparedness
Definition
traning for staff, policy development
Term
HIV in ... needs-assessment
Definition
prevalence assessment, provision of supplies, communities design response
Term
HIV in ... immediate response stage
Definition
training, condoms, protection
Term
HIV in ... long-term
Definition
counseling, treatment, improvement
Term
what is the link between emergenices and HIV?
Definition
vulnerability
Term
?hat are some examples of minimum support for those with HIV/
Definition
information, medical care, counselling, legal aid, et.
Term
what do successful HIV interventions have?
Definition
early, human rights, participation of target group, promotion of prevention
Term
what are early signifiers of HIV?
Definition
diarrhea, ulcers, fever for more than a month, weaight loss
Term
what are the four transmission modes of HIV?
Definition
sexual, vertical, blood transfusion, iatrogenic
Term
standards in HA for assessments
Definition
participation, initial assessment, response, targeting, monitoring, evaluation, responsibility, management (pirt merm)
Term
if you see malaria or dengue or any outbreak, what do you do?
Definition
ask if it is frequent, invite an expert, design a strategy
Term
what is the project cycle of diseases in disaster? why is it important?
Definition
disaster -> assess -> analysis -> plan, design, redesign -> implement -> monitor/evaluate -> back to analysis

analysis!
Term
waht are some determining factors of epidemics?
Definition
social, environmental, hygienic, etc
Term
WHO definition of health:
Definition
physical, mental, and social well-being
Term
what is the definition of a health system?
Definition
combination of resources, organisation, funding, and management that come together in the delivery of health services to a population
Term
six building blocks of a health system from WHO
Definition
leadership/governance, information, financing, service provision, health workforce, medicines and technology (lifshm)
Term
what are the key components of health systems?
Definition
policy, community, management, environment, individuals/families, direct cervices
Term
what are the objectives of a health system
Definition
goodness and fairness
Term
how can we measure health?
Definition
mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, expenditure of health service, availability of services
Term
primary health care definition
Definition
essential healthcare based on practical and socially acceptable methods made accessible to all families in a community at a cost they can afford
Term
what are the 8 elements of primary healthcare?
Definition
health promotion, food security, safe water, maternal and child care/family planning, immunization, disease control, first line care (hey fat smidf)
Term
what are the 7 principles of primary healthcare?
Definition
needs orientation
systems approach
intersectorality
community participation
community based
integration, family, and community
decentralisation
Term
what is UDHR article 25
Definition
right to standard of living, adequate health and well being
Term
according to the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, who has the responsibility to ensure safe drinking water?
Definition
state
Term
what are the standards for how far water should be?
Definition
within 1 km
Term
what is safe water?
Definition
drinkable but remember: all water has viral matter!
Term
what is water was free?
Definition
low incentive to save/protect it, low investment in treatment/distribution, maintenance would suffer
Term
what are some of the health effects of climate change?
Definition
rise in temperature, rise in precipitation, rise in malnutrition, rise in extreme weather and related deaths, rise in diarrheal diseases from scarcity of water
Term
what are the most common diseases in refugee camps?
Definition
diarrhea, measles, cholera, respiratory diseases, malaria, meningitis, worms, tetanus, TB, typhus
Term
principle of vaccination
Definition
live or inactivated substance capable of producing an immune response put into body
Term
active immunity
Definition
produced by vaccine, lasts a long time
Term
passive immunity
Definition
produced by transfer of antibody, temporary protected
Term
live attenuated vaccines
Definition
weakened form of 'wild' vires, very fragile (example: measles)
Term
what should you pre-screen for to avoid reactions in vaccines?
Definition
egg allergies!
Term
inactivated vaccines
Definition
more than one dose needed, may not be permanent (cholera)
Term
should pregnant women be given live vaccines/
Definition
no
Term
can you vaccinate against diarrhea?
Definition
no general vaccine but others that can affect, cause can be viral or bacterial
Term
where is meningitis a concern?
Definition
crowded area (i.e. mecca)
Term
what is tetanus?
Definition
bacterial, muscle spams, need vaccine, especially pregnant women
Term
what is polio
Definition
western hemisphere is polio free, transmission is fec-al oral, result is paralysis but careufl with vaccine because virus is present in stool for some time after
Term
what is typhoid
Definition
bacterial, high fever, headache, raash, eventually death, inactive vaccine
Term
what is hep B
Definition
transmission wia body fluids of an infected person, viral, non-specific symptoms, people can be carriers without having symtpoms, there is a vaccine
Term
what is hep A
Definition
viral, oral transmission, virus present in blood and feces after infection, children often asymptomatic, effect inactive vaccine
Term
what is rabies
Definition
always fatal, transmitted via bite of an infected animal, vaccine can be given immediately after exposure but is expensive
Term
Japanese encephaitis
Definition
spread by mosquitos, inactivated viral vaccine needs two doses
Term
yellow fever
Definition
transmission: infected mosquitos, symptoms: fever, janudice, vaccine especially for pregnant women, problemtatic vaccine
Term
malaria
Definition
no vaccine, so prevention important
Term
definition of public health
Definition
combination of sciences, skills and beliefs directed at the maintenance and improvement of the health of the people through collective and social actions
Term
define: vaccination
Definition
preparation of killed microorganisms, living organisms admistured to produce immunity to a particular disease
Term
define: incubation
Definition
time from the infection to the outbreak of an infectious disease
Term
define: mortality
Definition
number of deaths in a population, normally measures by 100,000
Term
define: morbidity
Definition
likelihood to get a certain disease within a given population (measured by 100,000)
Term
what are the 4 Pand C measures?
Definition
source reduction, prevent transmission, protect vulnerable, surveillance
Term
define: primary case
Definition
individuals who bring a disease into a population
Term
define: secondary case
Definition
individuals affected by priamry case
Term
what is the main data to be collected for public health?
Definition
demography, mortality, morbidity, basic needs, and programme activities
Term
define: incidence
Definition
number of people who fall ill with a certain disease during a time period (normally 1 year)
Term
define: prevalence
Definition
number of existing cases at a specific time
Term
what are some solid waste management indicators/
Definition
no houses more than 100 m from refuse pit, medical waste seperate, 100L refuse container per 10 families
Term
what are some public health measures?
Definition
hygiene education, good nutrition, improvements in sanitation, infrastructure, surveillance
Term
what are some characteristics of potable water?
Definition
no pathogens, low concentration of toxins, low turbidity, not salty, not corrosive, no colour odor or taste
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