Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Group Dynamics
Ch. 1= 1-33; ch2= 34-77;
256
Psychology
Graduate
02/18/2014

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Cards

Term
Group psychotherapy is as effective as this in treating a range of psychological problems.
Definition
Individual Therapy
Term
Brief group therapy is the treatment choice for certain type of problems, such as:
Definition
Complicated grief, trauma reactions, adjustment problems, and existential concerns.
Term
Counseling groups, structured groups, and psychoeducational groups also fit well in today's managed care scene because...
Definition
They can be designed to be brief, cost-effective treatments.
Term
Group Process
Definition
All elements basic to the unfolding of a group from the time it begins to its termination.
Term
Techniques are tools and interventions used to ___ what is going on in a group.
Definition
Facilitate
Term
Technique
Definition
Leader interventions aimed at facilitating movement within a group. Virtually anything a group leader does could be viewed a s a technique, including: being silent, suggesting a new behavior, inviting members to deal with a conflict, offering feedback, presenting interpretations, and suggesting h.w.
Term
Techniques are most useful when
Definition
They evolve from the work of the group participants and are tailored to the situations that evolve in a particular group meeting.
Term
When working with cultural diverse client populations...
Definition
Modify interventions to suit the members' cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
Term
When working with groups characterized by cultural diversity, leaders need to be aware of:
Definition
The power and privilege they possess and recognize that they may symbolize various institutions of oppression and privilege for some members.
Term
Two of the most common approach integrations are:
Definition
Technical eclecticism and theoretical integration
Term
Technical eclecticism
Definition
Tends to focus on differences, includes aspects from many approaches, and is a collection of techniques.
Term
Theoretical integration
Definition
A conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques.
Term
When leading a group, we pay attention to what group member at thinking, feeling and doing. This entails attending to
Definition
The cognitive, affective an behavioral domains.
Term
Affective domain focuses on
Definition
The feelings of group members
Term
Cognitive domain focuses on
Definition
Thinking or thought processes of the group members
Term
Behavioral domain focuses on
Definition
Acting and doing of group members
Term
If you are unable to draw on the theory to support your interventions
Definition
Your groups may not achieve the maximum benefit.
Term
Theory is
Definition
A general framework that helps you make sense of the many facets of group process, provide you with a map giving direction to what you do and say in group, and helps you think about the possible result of your interventions.
Term
Broad purposes of a therapeutic group
Definition
Increase members knowledge about themselves and others, help members clarify the changes they most want to make in their lives, to provide members with the tools they need to make these changes, and to support their changes.
Term
Task Groups
Definition
Task forces, committees, planning groups, staff development groups, treatment conferences, community organizations, social action groups, discussion groups, study groups, learning groups, etc.
Term
Psychoeducational Groups
Definition
Focus on developing members' cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills through a structured set of procedures within and across group meetings.
E.g. substance abuse prevention.
Term
Counseling Groups
Definition
Focus on interpersonal process and problem solving strategies that stress conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Term
Counseling groups emphasize:
Definition
Interactive group process for those who may be experiencing transitional life problems, are at risk for developing personal or interpersonal problems, or are mainly interested in acquiring or enhancing personal qualities.
Term
Psychotherapy Groups
Definition
Help individual group members remediate psychological problems and interpersonal problems of living.
Term
Brief Group Therapy (BGT)
Definition
Generally refers to groups that are time limited, structured, last 2-3 months and consist of 8-12 weekly sessions. Brief groups are not a type of therapy.
Term
One of the advantages of BGT long term is
Definition
The effectiveness and applicability of brief groups to a wide range of problems and diverse settings.
Term
Culture
Definition
Encompasses the clues, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people.
Term
This will influence the behavior of both you and your clients- with or without your awareness.
Definition
Culture
Term
Members of under-served groups
Definition
Terminate counseling significantly earlier than do Euro-American clients.
Term
The dropout rate of under-served groups/cultures is usually related to
Definition
Language barriers and culture-bound values that hinder formation of a good therapeutic relationship.
Term
Culture is be st defined
Definition
Broadly rather than narrowly.
Term
Culture includes both
Definition
The most obvious objective symbols and the more subjective perspectives hidden within individuals.
Term
Groups are or are not for everyone?
Definition
Not. Some individuals may not feel comfortable in a group or even be willing to be part of a counseling group.
Term
One problem you will most likely face as a group leader is
Definition
Negative reactions from group members.
Term
A critical personal trait of effective group leader is
Definition
Courage
Term
One of the best ways to teach desired behaviors is
Definition
By modeling them to the group
Term
The ability to be ___ with group members is extremely important.
Definition
Present. Presence involves being touched by others' pain, struggles, and joys.
Term
Goodwill, genuineness, and caring involves
Definition
A sincere interest in the welfare of others is essential as a group leader. Caring involves respecting, trust, and valuing people.
Term
Belief in group process
Definition
A deep confidence in the value of group process is positively related to constructive outcomes.
Term
Openness
Definition
You reveal enough of yourself to give the participants send of who you are as a person.
Term
Self-revelation is to be used a a technique. T or F
Definition
False. Self-revelation is not to be used as a technique. It is best done spontaneously, when it seems appropriate.
Term
Nondefensiveness in Coping with Criticism
Definition
Maintaining a therapeutic stance with group members doe not mean you need to be unaffected by behavior that is difficult an perhaps even attacking or verbally abusive. By modeling effective ways to express anger or frustration, you provide members with helpful ways of expressing this emotions in a respectful manner.
Term
Being Able to Identify with a Client's Pain
Definition
It is unrealistic for us to expect that we have experienced the same problems as all of our clients, but the emotions are common to all of us.
Term
It is not merely having difficult times but ____ that helps us use these experience in effective ways as group leaders.
Definition
The willingness to think critically about the difficult times we have had
Term
Personal Power
Definition
Does not entail domination of members or manipulation of them toward the leader's end. Rather, it is the dynamic and vital characteristic of leaders who know who they are and what they want.
Term
You need physical and psychological ____ and the ability to withstand pressure to remain vitalized during the course of a group.
Definition
Physical and psychological stamina. Group leading can b taxing and draining as well as exciting.
Term
Self-care
Definition
A basis for utilizing your strengths, which can enable you to deal effectively with stresses of your work an prevent some of the risk factor of burn out.
Term
Inventiveness
Definition
The capacity to be spontaneous and to approach each group with fresh ideas.
Term
Sense of Humor
Definition
The ability to laugh at yourself and see th humor in your human frailties can be extremely useful in helping members keep a balanced perspective and avoid becoming 'psychologically heavy'.
Term
A positive therapeutic relationship is necessary but
Definition
It is not sufficient enough to produce client change.
Term
Creating a group climate that fosters ___ such as ____, ____, ____, & ____ will lead to therapeutic interactions among members.
Definition
fosters interpersonal norms such as openness, directness, respect, and concern for one another
Term
Active Listening
Definition
Absorbing content, noting gestures and subtle changes in voice or expression, and sensing underlying messages.
Term
Reflecting
Definition
A skill dependent on active listening, the ability to convey the essence of what a person has communicated so the person can see it.
Term
Clarifying
Definition
Can be applied during the initial stages of a group. It involves focusing on key underlying issues and sorting out confusing and conflicting feelings.
Term
Summarizing
Definition
Particularly useful: after an initial check-in at the beginning of a group session, when the group becomes bogged down or fragmented (to help decide where to go next), or at the end of a session.
Term
Facilitating
Definition
Helping members to reach their own goals by opening up clear communication among the member and helping them increase their responsibility for the direction of the group.
Term
Empathizing
Definition
Being able to openly grasp another's experiencing and at the same time to maintain one's separateness. An empathetic group leader can sense the subjective world of the client.
Term
Linking
Definition
An important skill that fosters involvement by many members. This skill calls on the insightfulness of the leader in finding ways of relating what one person is saying or doing to the concerns of another person.
Term
Questioning
Definition
Interrogation seldom leads to productive outcomes, and more often than not distracts the person(s) working. Group leaders should therefore develop skills in raising questions at a group level as well as working with individual members.
Term
Confronting
Definition
It takes both caring and skill to confront group members when their behavior is disruptive of the group functioning or when there are discrepancies between their verbal messages and their nonverbal messages.
Term
Supporting
Definition
Can be therapeutic or counterproductive, it may send the message that people are unable to support themselves. It is appropriate when people are facing a crisis, when they are venturing into frightening territory, when they attempt constructive change and feel uncertain about these changes, and when they are struggling to rid themselves of old patterns that are limiting.
Term
Blocking
Definition
The group leader has a responsibility to stop certain activities of group members, such as questioning, probing, gossiping, invading another's privacy, breaking confidences, etc. Doing this helps establish group norms and is an important intervention particularly during the group's initial stages.
Term
Assessing
Definition
Identifying symptoms, figuring out the causes of behavior, appraisal certain behavior problems, and choose the appropriate interventions. Also, determine whether a particular group is indicated or contraindicated for a member and if the member does not fit with the group, being able to refer.
Term
Modeling
Definition
One of the best ways for leaders to teach a desired behavior is to model it for them.
Term
Suggesting
Definition
Making these may help members develop an alternative course of action or thinking. There is a fine line between this and prescribing; the skill is in using these to enhance an individual's movement toward making their own decisions.
Term
Evaluating
Definition
It is valuable for the leader to assess after each group session, what happened, both within individual members and within the whole group, and to think about what interventions might be used next time with the group.
Term
Effective group counselors must have some understanding of their own cultural conditioning,...
Definition
The cultural conditioning of their clients, and awareness of the sociopolitical system they are a part of.
Term
If you model genuine respect for the differences among members in your group, who will benefit?
Definition
All the group members will benefit from this cultural diversity.
Term
If you respect the members in your group, you...
Definition
Will demonstrate a willingness to learn from them.
Term
Culturally skills Group practitioners possess
Definition
Knowledge about their own racial and cultural heritage an how it affects them in their work.
Term
One way to actively incorporate a multicultural dimension into your group leadership is to
Definition
Initiate open discussions with the members of your groups about issues of race and ethnicity.
Term
Group members may be reluctant to talk to who about certain topics?
Definition
People outside of their race.
Term
Confronting silent issues can do what?
Definition
Serve as catalysts for meaningful an often difficult dialogue.
Term
What are the 6 advantages of the coleadership model?
Definition
1. The chance of burnout can be reduced by working with a coleader.
2. If intense emotions are being expressed by one or more members, on leader can attend to those members while the other scans the room to note other members' reactions or, if appropriate, the coleader can find a way to involve members in th work of someone else.
3. If one leader is absent or drained, the other leader is available.
4. Coleader peer supervision
5. Dealing with countertransference when one leader is affected by a group member.
6. If one of the leaders represent represents a difference in power or privilege (based on culture, ethnicity, religious/spiritual orientation, or sexual orientation), the other leader can help member(s) to process it.
Term
Coleadership model has many advantages, of which include:
Definition
Group members can gain from the perspectives of two leaders, coleaders can confer before and after a group and learn from each other; and supervisors can work closely with coleaders during their training and can provide them with feedback.
Term
What are 5 disadvantages to working within coleadership?
Definition
1. If coleaders rarely meet with each other, the result will likely be a lack of synchronization or even a tendency to work at cross purposes instead of towards a common goal.
2. Competition and rivalry between coleaders.
3. If coleaders do not have a relationship built on trust and respect or if they do not value each other's interventions.
4. On leader may side with members against the other leader.
5. Coleaders who at in an intimate relationship with each other can get into some problematic situations if they attempt to use time in th session to deal with their own relationship struggles.
Term
What are Yalom's thought about not using a research orientation?
Definition
Practitioners who lack a research orientation will have no basis to critically evaluate new developments in the field of group work. Without a consistent framework to evaluate, practitioners run the risk of being unreasonably unreceptive to be approaches.
Term
Ethical Issues
Definition
The standards that govern the conduct of professional members.
Term
Legal Issues
Definition
The minimum standards society will tolerate, which are enforced by the rule of law at the local, state, or federal level.
Term
Clinical issues
Definition
Involve using your professional judgment to act in accordance with ethical and legal mandates.
Term
For those becoming group leaders, a thorough grounding in ___
Definition
Ethics is essential as a solo base of psychological knowledge and skills.
Term
Codes of Ethics that will have an impact in group practice:
Definition
ACA Code of Ethics
AAMFT Code of Ethics (Association of Marriage and Family Therapy)
NASW Code of Ethics (Nat. Association of Social Workers)
APA Code of Ethics
Term
Being aware of your personal biases and your decision making style in challenging situations will
Definition
Help you guard against unethical practices in your group work.
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
A process of presenting basic information about group treatment to individuals to enable them to make rational decisions about whether to enter and how to participate in a group.
Term
The ASGW suggests what information be provided to potential group members?
Definition
Info on the nature, purposes and goals of group.
Confidentiality and its exceptions.
Leader's theoretical orientation
Group services that can be provided
The role and responsibility of members and leader
Qualification of group leader to lead a group
Term
In institutions in which the policy is to require group treatment, group members should at least
Definition
Be given the opportunity to express their feelings and thoughts about this requirement.
Term
It is critical when working with a mandated group,
Definition
To not start out with the assumption that the group will be composed of unmotivated clients. This belief is bound to have a negative effect on group members.
Term
Adequate preparation and screening can reduce the risk of what.
Definition
Members leaving a group prematurely.
Term
Ideally, both the leader and member will work together ___ to determine whether a group experience is productive or counterproductive for each individual.
Definition
Cooperatively
Term
Many times the behaviors we see member exhibiting in a group are
Definition
Indicative of how the behave in their daily lives.
Term
Explaining both the ___ and the ___ is an important part o the informed consent process.
Definition
The potential benefits and the risks
Term
A minimal expectation for leaders to discuss with potential group members is the
Definition
Advantages and disadvantages of the given group- preparing the members to deal with any problems that might grow out of group experiences.
Term
Fears of members in regards to the group experience should be
Definition
Explored early so member can determine how realistic they are and how they can best deal with these Fears in the group.
Term
5 Possible Risks of Therapeutic Groups
Definition
1. Misuse of Power
2. Self-Disclosure
3. Maintaining Confidentiality
4. Scapegoating
Term
One of the keystone conditions for effective group work is confidentiality. It is especially important because:
Definition
In leading a group you must not only keep the confidences of the members but also get the members to keep one another's confidences.
Term
If the maintenance of confidentiality, seems to eh a concern
Definition
The subject should be discussed fully in a group session.
Term
Legal privilege (confidentiality) does/not apply to group treatment?
Definition
Does not.
Term
How are group member likely to breach confidentiality?
Definition
When they talk about how they acquired insights from a group or how they actually interacted in a group.
Term
Privileged communication means that the professional cannot break the confidence of clients unless:
Definition
1. The client(s) are likely to do serious harm to themselves, other's, and/or physical property.
2. Abuse of children or the elderly is suspected
3. They are ordered by a court to provide information
4. They are supervisees in a supervisory relationship
5. The clients give specific written permission.
Term
Culture may affect a member's views on confidentiality in what ways?
Definition
1. Some cultures consider therapy to be shameful and only for mentally ill people.
2. Some group members may not have legal status or residency & may be guarded about personal info.
3. Members who are seeking asylum or who have refugee status at have significant trust issues and may therefore give false info to protect themselves and their families.
4. Some cultures promote sharing all personal info with their families and could feel pressured to share details with their family members.
5. Language barriers or reading difficulties.
Term
Do parents have a right to info disclosed by their children in a group?
Definition
Depends on whether you a looking at it from a legal, ethical, or clinical viewpoint. State laws also differ regarding counseling minors.
Term
Before any minor enters a group what should you obtain?
Definition
It is good practice to obtain a written permission from the parents/guardians.
Term
What can leader's ensure in regards to confidentiality of a group?
Definition
Leaders can only ensure confidentiality on their part, not on the part of others in the group.
Term
Group leaders must become familiar with the local and state laws that will have an effect on their practice. This is especially true in regards to what?
Definition
This is especially true in cases involving child molestation, neglect or abusive of older people and children, or incest.
Term
What should group members be reminded about confidentiality?
Definition
That absolute confidentiality is not possible due to the nature of groups so they can each determine how much and what personal info to share.
Term
What do group members need to know about insurance in regards to confidentiality?
Definition
Using insurance benefits entails a waiver of confidentiality.
Term
Why must you be carefully aware of your values when working in a group?
Definition
Although you might not directly impose your values on them, your interventions could be aimed at getting them to do what you think is best for them.
Term
Soft Universalism
Definition
All cultures share some basic universal values; look for these values and engage in a respectful dialogue to clarify your differences and look for a therapeutic solution that satisfies your own personal and professional values and the values of members.
Term
Expressed values are ____ likely than _____ values to interfere with group processes.
Definition
Expressed are less likely nonexpressed.
Term
Some group norms may not be congruent with the _____ of some clients.
Definition
Cultural norms
Term
Attending to am addressing diversity is both
Definition
An ethical mandate and a route to more effective group work.
Term
Discrimination on the basis of minority status- race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation- is
Definition
Unethical and unacceptable
Term
Heterosexism
Definition
Discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation.
Term
What does ALGBTIC stand for?
Definition
Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling
Term
What are some distinct advantages to online groups?
Definition
Participants have an opportunity to broaden their social networks, integrate new online relationships into their everyday lives, and interact in a less threatening environment in which to meet others.
Term
What is the most direct concern about online 'groups'?
Definition
Confidentiaity
Term
Knowledge Competencies
Definition
Basic areas of knowledge
Term
Skill Competencies
Definition
Basic skill competencies should be possessed by any on leading group.
Term
Core Specializations
Definition
Group work specialization in one of four areas:
1. Task groups
2. Psycho ed groups
3. Counseling groups
4. Psychotherapy groups
Term
One controversial ethical issue in the preparation of group leaders involves the combining of
Definition
Experiential and didactic methods in training.
Term
Pregroup Stage
Definition
Consists of all the factors involved in the formation of a group.
Term
Initial Stage
Definition
The initial stage consists of all time of orientation and exploration, and members tend to present the dimensions of themselves they consider to be socially acceptable.
Term
What is the initial phase characterized by?
Definition
A certain degree of anxiety and insecurity about the structure of the group.  Members are tentative because they are discovering and testing limits and are wonderig whether or not they will be accepted. Typically, members bring to the group certain expectations, concerns, and anxieties, and it is vital that they be allowed to express them openly.
Term
Transition Stage
Definition

During this stage, the leader's task is to help members learn how to begin working on the concerns that brought them to the group.  

The members' task is to monitor their thoughts, feelings, reactions, and actions and learn to express them verbally. 

Term
Working Stage
Definition

Characterized by productiveness, which builds on the effective work done in the initial and transition stages.

Mutuality and self-exploration increase, and the group is focused on making behavioral changes.

Term
During the working stage, the group may return to earlier themes of what?
Definition
Trust, conflict, and reluctance to participate.
Term
Final Stage
Definition

Time to further identify what was learned and to decide how this new learning can become part of daily living.

 

Term
What group activities are usually part of the final stage of group?
Definition

Terminating, summarizing, pulling together loose ends, and integrating and interpreting the group experience.  

 

The group will deal with feelings of separation, address unfinished business, review the group experience, practice for behavioral change, design action plans, identify coping strategies, and build a supportive network. 

Term
Careful attention to group ____ is crucial to its _____
Definition
formation; outcome
Term
What 5 general areas can serve as a guideline for forming a proposal?
Definition
  1. Rationale
  2. Objectives
  3. Practical Considerations
  4. Procedures
  5. Evaluation
Term
Once you have been successful in getting a proposal accepted, what is the next step to forming a group?
Definition
To find a practical way to announce your group to prospective participants.
Term
What does the 'Best Practice Guidelines' (ASGW 1998) say about prospective members?
Definition
It states that prospective members should have access to relavent information about the group (preferably in writing).
Term
What is the goal to screening?
Definition
To preventing potential harm to clients, not to make the leader's job easier by setting up a group of homogeneous members.
Term
What should the ideal group contain?
Definition
A variety of resources, world views, and behavioral skills.
Term
If you cannot screen members, what will you need to do instead?
Definition
Provide some form of orientation so members understand what the group is about and how best to participate in it.
Term
What are some factors we look at in determining who is allowed to join our groups?
Definition
  • The degree to which a candidate wants to make changes and is willing to expend the necessary effort.
  • Whether a group seems the appropriate method of intervention to accomplish the desired changes.
  • How much the candidate seems to want to become a member of this group- especially after s/he is given information about it. 
Term
If we do not accept smoeone for our group, what must we do?
Definition
  • Stress how the group might not be appropriate for them
  • Break the news in a manor that is honest, direct, respectful, and sensitive
  • Ethical practice involves offering the support they need in dealing with their reactions to not being included in the group as well as suggesting alternatives to group participations.  
Term
Should your group have heterogeneous or homogeneous populations?
Definition
Depends on the group's purpose and goals; however, in general, for a specific target population with given needs, a group composed entirely of members of that population is more appropriate than a heterogeneous population.
Term
What kinds of groups tend to be heterogeneous?
Definition
Personal-growth groups, process groups, interpersonal groups, and certain therapy groups.
Term
What are some factors that help determine what size group is appropriate?
Definition
  • Age of clients
  • Experience of leader
  • Type of group
  • Problems to be explored
Term

What is the best frequency and duration of groups?

 

Definition
  • Children and adolescents: Better to meet more frequently and for a shorter period of time (meet their attention span).
  • Well functioning adults: 2 hour weekly session. Long enough to allow intensive work, but short enough to not meet fatigue. 
  • Inpatient lower-functioning: Daily- 45min. Might not be possible to hold their attention longer. 
  • Inpatient high-functioning: No more than 90 min. several times a week. 
Term
What physical consideration is essential for groups?
Definition
Although many places will do, privacy is essential.
Term
Open Groups
Definition
Characterized by changing membership.  As certain members leave, new members are admitted, and the group continues.
Term
Closed Groups
Definition
Typically have some time limitation, with the group meeting for a predetermined number of sessions.  Generally members are expected to remain in the group until it ends and new members are not added.
Term
What is a potential disadvantage of open groups?
Definition
Rapid changing of members can result in a lack of cohesion, particularly if too many clients leave or too many new ones are introduced at once.
Term
How can you deal with the changing of members in an open group?
Definition
Bring in new members one at a time as openings occur.  And review the ground rules with each incoming member.
Term
In what settings might you not have a choice between open and closed groups?
Definition
  • Mental health wards
  • State hospitals
  • Certain day-treatment centers
  • Residential treatment facilities
Term
If you are forming an open group, what must you be aware of?
Definition
It is essential that you have some idea about the rate of turnover of the members.  Your interventions need to be designed with the idea in mind that many members may attend for only one or two sessions.
Term
What does pregroup preparation do?
Definition
  • Improve attendance
  • Increase self-disclosure
  • Enhance group cohesion 
Term
When is the appropriate time to encourage members to express the expectations they are bringing with them to the group?
Definition
The pregroup session.
Term
How many goals does Yalom express in his system of pregroup preparation?
Definition
7
Term
What are Yalom's goals in his pregroup preparation?
Definition
  1. Strive to create an alliance with group members, so they can become colaborators in their own change process.
  2. Describe how a therapy helps members enhance their interpersonal relationships.
  3. Give members guidleines about how to get the most from group therapy.
  4. Anticipate frustrations and disappointments, including predicting stumbling blocks participants are likely to encounter.
  5. Talk about attendance and the duration of group
  6. Instill faith in group therapy.
  7. Discuss ground rules such as confidentiality and subgrouping. 
Term
Which groups especially have limits to confidentiality?
Definition
Groups with children and adolescents, groups with parolees, groups composed of involuntary populations such as prisoners, and groups of psyciatric patients in a hospital or clinic.
Term
Member-Specific Measures
Definition
Used to assess changes in attitudes and behaviors of individual clients
Term
Group-Specific Measures
Definition

Assess the changes common to all members of the group, such as increased self-awareness, decreased anxiety, and improved personal relationships.

Many pf these measures are available in standardized form, or you can adapt them to suit your needs.

Term
What is the initial stage characterized by?
Definition
Members expressing fears and hesitations, as well as hopes and expectations.
Term
What are some common fears participants identify?
Definition
  • Will I be accepted/rejected?
  • Will others be able to understand me?
  • How will this group be different from other groups I where I have experienced discrimination, oppression, and/or prejudice?
  • I'm afraid of being judged by others, especially if I'm different
  • If I get scared, I may withdraw.
  • Will I feel pressured to disclose deeply personal matters and be pushed to perform?
  • What if my teachers/parets ask what I talk about in group?
  • Will I share too much about myself?
  • I fear being hurt.
  • What if the group attacks me?
  • What if I feel like my cultural values are not being respected or understoof?
  • What if I find out things about myself that I can't cope with?
  • I'm afraid I'll change and that those I'm close with won't like it.
  • I'm afraid I'll break down and cry.
Term
Hidden Agenda
Definition
A common form of resistance in groups. An issue that is not openly acknowledged and discussed.
Term
What bogs down groups is not so much what people are saying but...
Definition
what people are not saying.
Term
Conflict can emerge in any stage of group work, but it is most common during what stage?
Definition
The transition stage
Term
When members focus on others as a way to avoid self-exploration, what should you do as a leader?
Definition
Your task is to steer them back to their own reactions.
Term
Here-and-Now Focus
Definition
Focusing on here-and-now interactions is of the utmost value, for the way members behave in the present context of the group is reflective of how they interact with others outside the group.
Term
The tone of how the group will act in regards to trust is determined by what?
Definition
How you act.  The tone set by your leadership will influence members' willingness to disclose themselves and begin taking those steps necessary to establish trust.
Term
What attitudes and actions enhance the level of trust in a group?
Definition
  • Attending and Listening 
  • Understanding both verbal and noverbal behavior
  • Empathy 
  • Genuineness 
  • Self-Disclosure 
  • Respect 
  • Caring Confrontation
Term
How can leaders demonstrate a lack of attending?
Definition
  • Not focusing on the speaker
  • Asking too many close-ended questions that probe for irrelevant and detailed information.
  • Doing too much talking and not listening
  • Giving advice too quicklin instead of encouraging the speaker to explore a struggle
  • Paying attention only to what people say explicitly thus missing what is said nonverbally.
  • Engaging in selective listening
  • Failing to attend to what the person's body language may be saying or failing to ask people to give voice to what their body is experiencing.  
Term
When it comes to listening to verbal and nonverbal communications, what must you do and not do?
Definition
  • Avoid making assumptions about what's being said and what's not being said
  • Do not confront the client with an interpretation of verbal or nonverbal behaviors.
  • Assist members in recognizing and exploring the possible meanings of their nonverbal behaviors and their bodily experiences when discussing various topics. 
Term
Empathy
Definition
The ability to tune in to what others are subjectively experiencing and to see the world through their eyes.
Term
Genuineness
Definition
Implies congruence between a person's inner experience and what he or she projects externally
Term
Respect
Definition
Is shown by what the leader(s) and the members actually do, not simply by what they say.
Term
What attitudes and actions demonstrate respect?
Definition
  • Avoiding critical judgments
  • Avoiding labeling
  • Looking beyond self-imposed labels
  • Expressing warmth and support that is honestly felt
  • Being genuine and risking
  • Recognizing the rights of others to be different
Term
Caring Confrontation
Definition
Confrontation that takes the form of an invitation for members to examine some discrepancy between what they are saying and what they are doing or between what they are saying and some nonverbal cues they are manifesting.
Term
Maintaining Trust
Definition
Trust ebbs and flows, new levels of trust must be established as the group progresses toward a deeper level of intimacy.
Term
The process of setting goals is important when and to whom?
Definition

Both at the beginning of a new group and at intervals as the group evolves and goals are met.

It is essentail to establish both group goals and individual goals.

Term
Broad goals common to many different types of groups:
Definition
  • Become aware of one's interpersonal style
  • Increase awareness of what prevents intimacy
  • Learn how to trust oneself and others
  • Become aware of how one's culture affects personal decisions
  • Increase self-awareness and thereby increase the possibilities for choice and action
  • Challenge and explore certain early decisions that may no longer be functional (e.g. decions from childhood)
  • Recognize that others have similar problems/feelings
  • ETC. (pg. 147)
Term
Goals for an Incest Group
Definition
  • Assist people in talking about their incest
  • Discover their feelings of anger, hurt, shame, guilt
  • Work through unfinished business with the perpetrator
Term
Goals for a People with Disabilities Group
Definition
  • Express any anger, grief, and resentment they may have about their disability
  • Learn to deal with the reduced privacy caused by their disability
  • Learn to work within the limitations imposed by the handicap
  • Establish a support system
Term
Goals for a Substance Abuse Group
Definition
  • Help the abuser confront difficult issues and learn to cope with life stresses more effectively
  • Provide a supportive network
  • Learn more appropriate social skills
Term
Goals for a Group for Older People
Definition
  • Review life experiences
  • Express feelings over losses
  • Improve members' self-image
  • Continue finding meaning in life
Term
Goals for a Group for Acting-Out Children
Definition
  • Accept feelings and at the same time learn ways of constructively expressing them and dealing with them
  • Develop skills in making friends
  • Channel impulses into constructive behavior
Term
Participants are typically only able to state their goals for group in broad terms; what does this mean for the leader(s)?
Definition
It is the leaders' job to help members translate vague ideas into clearn and workable personal goals.
Term
Defining goals should be done how?
Definition
In a collaborative, ongoing fashion.
Term
Group Processes
Definition
Activities such as establishing norms and group cohesion, learning to work cooperatively, establishing ways of solving problems, and learning to express conflict openly.
Term
Group Norms
Definition
The shared beliefs about expected behaviors aimed at making groups function effectively.
Term
Implicit Norms
Definition
Unspoken norms shared within a group.
Term
Which is less likely to have adverse influence on a group: implicit norms or explicit norms?
Definition
Explicit norms: Norms are less likely to have an adverse influence if they are made explicit.
Term
Group Cohesion
Definition
A sense of togetherness, or community, within a group.
Term
The three key constructs that capture the essence of the therapeutic relationship in group treatment:
Definition
  1. Group Climate
  2. Cohesion
  3. Alliances
Term
What can you do to encourage members to give up some of their defensiveness?
Definition
React to them with directness, honesty, and respect.
Term
What is the most important thing we emphasize to members in regards to establishing trust?
Definition
It is their responsibility to continually make the room safe by addressing their concerns regarding how their disclosures will be treated because it is their responsibility to keep group in a confidential nature.
Term
Though self-disclosure is an important tool in the group process, what must we, and group members, remember?
Definition
It is up to each participant to decide what aspect of his or her life to reveal.
Term
What happens if members are told too much?
Definition

Too much emphasis on teaching the group process can have a negative influence.

All the spontaneous learning can be taken out of the group experience if members are told too much of what to expect and haven't been allowed to learn for themselves.

It is possible to foster a dependency on the structure and direction provided by the leader.

Term
How can members use journals as an adjunct to group sessions?
Definition
  • Each day record certain feelings, situations, behaviors, and ideas for course of actions.
  • Review certain periods of time in their lives and write about it.
  • Free-flow writing without censoring to help get a focus on feelings.
  • Explore with the group how they might've handled a situation differently
  • Prep for encountering others in daily life.
  • Spontaneously enter in their journals their reactions to themselves in the group, especially in the first few meetings, and to review these thoughts as the group is coming to an end.
  • Etc.
Term
How can group leaders model active participation and collaboration?
Definition
By their involvement with members in creating an agenda, designing homework, and teaching skills and new behaviors.
Term
What do you have to balance at the initial stage of a group as a leader?
Definition
Structure.  Too little structure results in members' becoming unduly anxious; too much can inhibit spontaneity.
Term
Initial Stage Characterisitcs
Definition
  • Participants test the atmosphere and get acquainted
  • Members learn what is expected, how the group functions, and how to participate in a group.
  • Risk-taking is relatively low, and exploration is tentative.
  • Group cohesion and trust are gradually established if members are willing to express what they are thinking and feeling.
  • Members are concerned with whether they are included or excluded, and they are beginning to define their place in the group.
  • Negative reactions might surface as members test to determine whether all feelings are acceptable.
  • Trust vs. Mistrust is a central issue
  • Periods of silence and awkwardness may occur; members may look for direction and wonder what the group is about.
  • Members are deciding whom the can trust, how much they'll disclose, how safe it is, whom they dis/like, and how much to get involved.
  • Members are learning the basic attitudes of respect, empathy, acceptance, caring and responding. 
Term
What can you do to avoid seeing the members' attitudes during the transitional stage as uncooperative?
Definition
Shift your attidue to acknowledge that certain behaviors may be the result of members' fear, confusion, and cautiousness.
Term
When does some of the most productive work in the life of the group take place?
Definition
During the transitional stage
Term
What are the characteristics of the transition stage?
Definition
  • Anxiety: Members are concerned about what they will think of themselves if they increase their self awareness and about others' acceptance or rejection of them.
  • Est. Trust: Members test the leader and other members to determine how safe the environment is.
  • Defensiveness and Reluctant Behavior: Members struggle between wanting to play it safe and wanting to risk getting involved.
  • Control/Power: members experience conflict with others in the group.
  • Members observe coleaders to determine if they are trustworthy.
  • Members learn how to express themselves so others will listen. 
Term
What are members concerned about when they're experiencing anxiety during the transitional stage?
Definition

Anxiety during the transitional stage is essentially: the fear of exposing one's pain, of sounding trite, of being overcome by intense emotions, of being misunderstood, of being rejected, and of not knowing what is expected.

 

Term
What are some clear signs that trust is lacking in your group?
Definition
  • Members will not initiate work
  • Members frequently show up late, leave early, or miss sessions.
  • Members are very hesitant to express themselves
  • Members keep their reactions to themselves/express them in indirect ways.
  • Members take refuge in story telling.
  • Members are excessively quiet.
  • Members put more energy into helping others or giving others advice than into sharing their own personal concerns.
  • Members may demand group leaders take charge
  • etc. pg. 182
Term
What is our central task at the transitional stage as leaders?
Definition
To continually encourage members to say aloud what they are thinking and feeling pertaining to what is happening.
Term
Resistance is a normal process and can do what to the process of group?
Definition
Resistance is a normal process and is the very material that can lead to productive exploration in the group.
Term
What is the leader doing by avoiding the use of the term "resistance"?
Definition
The therapist avoids the assumption that the client is behaving inappropriately.
Term
What happens when group members keep their fears to themselves?
Definition
All sorts of avoidances occur.
Term
Leaders cannot promise members that their willingness to take risks in a group will end positively, but what can they tell members?
Definition
A therapeutic group is one of the best places for members to have new experiences in relating to others- which can result in healing old wounds and fears from past or present relationships.
Term
Why do members often fear self-disclosure?
Definition
They think that they will be pressured to open up before they are ready to do so.
Term
What are common fears experienced by members?
Definition
  • The fear of Self-Disclosure
  • The fear of being exposed and vulnerable
  • The fear of rejection
  • The fear of being misunderstood or judged
  • The fear of being challenged or singled out
  • The fear of losing control
  • "If people will see me out of group, what will they think of me?"
  • The fear of being talked about outside of group
  • Fear of becoming dependent on group/others to solve problems
  • "Once I open up I won't be able to close up again."
Term
Cohesion within a group typically increases after what happens? (in regards to conflict)
Definition
After conflict is recognized and expressed in a healthy way.
Term
Confrontation is NOT:
Definition
  • Tearing others down
  • Hitting others with negative feedback and then retreating
  • Being hostile with the aim of hurting others
  • Telling others what is basically wrong with them
  • Assaulting others' integrity.
Term
Caring confrontation is designed to: _____ or to _______.
Definition

Help members make an honest assessment of themselves or

to speak more about their own reactions.

Term
In working with culturally diverse clients, it is important to remember what in regards to conflict?
Definition
Being 'indirect' may be a cultural value for some group members.
Term
How does cohesiveness effect a leader and the effectiveness of the group?
Definition
The quality of the confrontations that occur in a group is a measure of how effective.  The more cohesive a group, the more challenging and daring the members and leaders can be.
Term
Although leaders may be challenged throughout a group, when are they more often confronted?
Definition
Leaders are more often confronted both personally and professionally during the transition stage.
Term
What is one of the most powerful ways to intervene when you are experiencing strong feelings over what you perceive as defensiveness to a member or situation?
Definition
Deal with your own feelings and possible defensive reactions. When you share what you are feeling and thinking about what is on in the group-without criticizing or blaming the members for deficiencies- you are letting the members experience an honest and contructive interaction with you which builds trust.
Term
What are some potential reasons for nonparticipating behavior?
Definition
  • Showing respect and waiting to be called on by the leader.
  • Feeling that one does not have anything worthwhile to say
  • Feeling that one should not talk about oneself- 'seen not heard'
  • Uncertainty about how the group process works; e.g., the fear of not knowing what's appropriate & when to make comments
  • Fear of certain members in the group or of the authority of the group leader
  • Protection against oppression from the leader or other members
  • Fear of being rejected
  • Lack of trust in the group
  • Fears about confidentiality
Term
What is the opposite of silence on the participation continuum?
Definition
Monopolistic Behavior
Term
What does ethical practice say about rambling?
Definition
Ethical practice dictates that group leaders acquire intervention skills necessary to block rambling.
Term
What is the difference between storytelling and disclosure?
Definition

Storytelling: Merely talking about oneself or about others in endless detail.

 

Disclosure: Talking about what a person is thinking and feeling now.

Term
When is questioning bad in groups?
Definition
When questioning as a behavior resembles interrogation.
Term
What are some reasons leaders may collude with members to form a dependent alliance?
Definition
  • The leader may need to economic rewards from the members' attendance
  • The group may be filling the leader's unmet needs for social life.
  • Some leaders have a need to be parental in the sense of directing others' lives
  • Leaders may rely on their groups as the sole source of feeling appreciated and reconized.
  • Leaders may attempt to work through their own unresolved conflicts by using the group.
Term
What rules are there in a group in regards to touching?
Definition
There is no one size fits all rule about touching.  Touching is a complicated topic, but it does not need to be forbidden.  It is therefore useful to talk with members about the pros and cons of touch and of the ways in which it can support or interrupt a member's process.
Term
Why is hostility difficult to deal with?
Definition
Because it is often indirect.  It can take the form of caustic remarks, jokes, sarcasm, and other passive-aggressive tactics.  Members can express their resentment by missing sessions, coming late, acting obviously detatched, leaving group, being overly polite, or rolling their eyes to express boredom or annoyance.
Term
When group members discuss emotionally laden topics in a very detached way, what are they doing?
Definition
They can be said to be intellecutalizing.
Term
What are members doing when they align themselves with the leader(s) of the group?
Definition
These members protect themselves from vulnerability by developing an interpersonal style of taking on the tol of assistant leaders, asking questions, probing for information, attempting to give advice, and paying attention to the dynamics of individuals and the group.
Term
Transference
Definition
The feelings clients project onto the counselor
Term
Countertransference
Definition
The feelings aroused in the counselor by clients, feelings that, may have more to do with unresolved conflict from other past or present relationships than with any feature of the therapeutic relationship.
Term
Members of a group may project onto who?
Definition
A group context has the potential for multiple transferences.  Members may project not only onto the leaders but also onto other members in the group.
Term
What are the important elements of working through transference problems?
Definition
  1. The feelings be recognized and expressed
  2. The feelings then be dealt with therapeutically
Term
Although meaningful work and learning occur at every stage, what is typical in the working stage?
Definition
Deeper exploration and increased level of group cohesion
Term
What are interventions aimed at in the initial stage?
Definition
Providing encouragement- we facilitate a deeper exploration of members' concerns.
Term
What are interventions aimed at in the intervention stage?
Definition

Members beginning to express reactions and perceptions that they have been aware of but have kept to themselves.

Leaders are also gathering data that can be useful for exploration later in the group.

Term
What moves a group into the working stage?
Definition
The members' commitment to work through an impasse and particularly their own end of it.
Term
Group Cohesion
Definition
A primary characteristic of a well-functioning group, actually fosters action-oriented behaviors such as self-disclosure, giving and receiving feedback, discussion of here-and-now interactions, constructive confrontation, and translating insight into action.
Term
What is the difference between a working group and a nonworking group?
Definition
  • Working: Trust between members, other members, and leaders; Goals are clear/specific; members feel included; Communication is open; Focus on the here-and-now; People feel free to bring themselves into the work of others; Willingness to risk disclosing threatening material; Cohesion is high; Members identify with one another; Conflict among members/leader is recognized, discussed, and most often resolved; Members accept responsibility; Feedback is given freely; Members feel hopeful;
  • Nonworking: Mistrust is evident by an undercurrent of unexpressed hostility; Goals are fuzzy; Many members feel excluded; People focus on others, not themselves; Members lean on the leaders for all direction; Participants hold back- disclosure is minimal; Fragmentation exists; Conflicts/negative reactions ignored; Members blame others for their difficulties; Feedback given is rejected defensively; Members feel despairing, helpless, trapped, and victimized.
Term
What shapes a group's identity?
Definition
The way its members resolve critical issues.
Term
How can spontaneity be fostered indirectly?
Definition
By making clients feel that it is alright to say and do many of the things they have been preventing themselves from saying or doing.
Term
Where does cohesion come from?
Definition

Members chooshing to make themselves known to others, by sharing their pain, by allowing caring to develop, by initiating meaningful work, by giving honest feedback to others.  From working with meaningful, painful reality as well as from intimately sharing humorous and joyous moments.

If a group choses to remain comfortable or stick with superficial interactions, there will be little togetherness. 

Term
Why is homework especially useful at the working stage of group?
Definition
Because it challenges members to practice actual skills they are learning in the group; it often helps members translate their insights into action plans aimed at change.
Term
Determining What and When self-disclosure is both appropriate and facilitative:
Definition
  • Disclosure should be related to the purpose and goals of the group.
  • If members have persistent reactions to certain people in the group, members should be encouraged to bring them out into the open, especially when these reactions are inhibiting participation
  • Members must determine what and how much they want others to know about them- also, what they are willing to risk.
  • Reasonable risks can be expected to accompany self-disclosure. If groups are limited by overly safe disclosures, the interactions become fairly meaningless.
  • The stage of group development has some bearing on the appropriate-ness of self-disclosure. Certain disclosures may be too deep for an initial session but quite appropriate during the working stage.  
Term
Feedback
Definition
Has been associated with increased motivation for change, greater insight into how one's behavior affects others, increased willingness to take risks, and group members evaluating their group experience more positively.
Term
Feedback Guidelines
Definition
  • Positive feedback is accepted more readily than corrective feedback and should be emphasized during the early stage of group.
  • Positive feedback can be useful as a way to reinforce appropriate behaviors at any stage of group.
  • Positive and corrective feedback should be balanced during the middle and later stages
  • Corrective feedback is more credible, useful, and increasingly more accepted by members during the working and ending stages of the group, but it may also be useful during the transition stage to help the group identify blocks that impede progress.
  • Leaders need to introduce the notion of corrective feedback to members, assist members in establishing appropriate norms that encourage the giving and receiving of corrective feedback and support and reinforce corrective feedback exchange.
  • Leaders do well to model effective delivery of feedback and to encourage members to engage in thoughtful feedback exchange.
Term
A lack of confrontation results in what?
Definition
Stagnation
Term
How does cohesion operate as a therapeutic factor?
Definition
By enhancing group support and acceptance and later playing a crucial role in interpersonal learning.
Term
Hope
Definition
The belief that change is possible.
Term
How is caring demonstrated?
Definition
By listening and by involvement.
Term
How is caring expressed?
Definition
Tenderness, compassion, support,even confrontation; staying present with someone who has received feedback that was difficult to hear.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
The tremendous physical and emotional release when people finally do express their stored-up pain and other un-expressed feelings.
Term
Members who experience catharsis often have difficulty integrating what they learn from these experiences; therefore, what is important to do as a leader when somone experiences catharsis?
Definition
After catharsis has occured, it is extremely important to work through the feelings that emerged to gain some understanding of the meaning of the experience, and to formulate new decisions based on this understanding.
Term
Closed group
Definition
Group with the same members for all sessions
Term
In a closed group, what is your task in the final stage?
Definition
To help members review their individual work and the evolving patterns from the first to the final session.
Term
In an open group, what should be done in the final stage?
Definition
Termination should be mutually agreed upon by the member and the leader, and sufficient time to work through the process of loss and of separation and individuation should be scheduled.
Term
What stage is it appropriate to give homework in?
Definition
All stages, including the final stage.
Term
What is the advantage to writing about their experience in a group as members?
Definition
By writting about their perceptions of the group experience, they are able to evaluate again how effective the group has been for them.
Term
Final Stage Characteristics
Definition
  • Some sadness and/or anxiety over the reality of separation.
  • Members are likely to pull back and participate in less intense ways in anticpation of the ending of the group.
  • Members deciding what course of action they are likely to take.
  • May be some fears of separation. Fears about carry over skills
  • Members may express their hopes, fears, and concerns
  • Members involved in evaluation of the group experience
  • There may be some talk about follow-up meetings or some plan for accountability so that members will be encouraged to carry out their plans for change.
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