Term
|
Definition
from skin - pain, temp, touch
from muscles, tendons, ligaments - proprioception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from retina - sight
from inner ear - hearing and equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from internal organs - pain, fullness, reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from taste buds - taste
from olfactory mucosa - smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - to skeletal muscles NOT derived from pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
- AUTONOMIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - to skeletal muscles derived from pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| On which spinal root is the spinal ganglion contained? |
|
Definition
| - dorsal (called dorsal root ganglion) |
|
|
Term
| What ganglion is connected to the ventral rami, and how is it connected? |
|
Definition
- sympathetic ganglion
- connected via grey and white rami communicantes |
|
|
Term
| The spinal nerve (mixed sensory and motor fibers) is fed by which 2 structures and divides into which other 2 structures? |
|
Definition
- fed by dosral (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots
- divides into dorsal (mixed) ramus and ventral (mixed) ramus |
|
|
Term
| Where are sensory ganglia found? Do they contain synapses? |
|
Definition
- on the dorsal root
- no |
|
|
Term
| Where are the autonomic motor (sympathetic and parasympathetic) ganglia? Do they contain synapses? |
|
Definition
parasympathetic - brainstem and S2-S4
sympathetic - just outside of the vertebral column
- yes |
|
|
Term
| The autonomic nervous system is composed of which fiber types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which motor system (autonomic or somatic) requires 2 neurons to transmit an impulse from the CNS to the target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effector organ innervated by autonomic fibers is an exception in that it only requires 1 nerve to transmit a signal from the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic or parasympathetic) has longer presynaptic fibers than postsynaptic fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the autonomic nervous system, where are the bodies of presynaptic nerves? Postsynaptic nerves? |
|
Definition
presynaptic - CNS
postsynaptic - autonomic ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What is the neurotransmitter released at the synapse of 1st and 2nd order autonomic nerve fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are presynaptic sympathetic neurons located in the CNS? Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons? |
|
Definition
sympathetic - lateral grey horn of T1 to L2 in spinal cord
parasympathetic - brainstem or S2-S4 in spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| In which segments of the spinal cord is the lateral grey horn found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What NT is released at the synapse between postysnaptic parasympathetic fibers and organs? Sympathetic? |
|
Definition
parasympathetic - ACh
sympathetic - NE (except sweat glands, which are ACh) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sympathetic division distributed? Parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
sympathetic - everywhere except skin and nails
parasympathetic - head, neck, viscera, genitalia |
|
|
Term
| What are the names and functions of the 4 paired parasympathetic ganglia in the head? |
|
Definition
- Ciliary (III) - smooth muscle of eye
- Otic (IX) - parotid gland
- Pterygopalatine (VII) - lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands
- Submandibular (VII) - submandibular and sublingual glands
|
|
|
Term
| Where are sympathetic ganglia located? |
|
Definition
| - just lateral to the spinal column (called paraverterbral ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| How do white rami differ from grey rami (in the rami communicantes)? |
|
Definition
white - myelinated, presynaptic (leaving spinal nerve, BUT more lateral to cord than grey)
grey - unmyelinated, postsynaptic (leaving sympathetic ganglion) |
|
|
Term
| Which spinal cord segments have ONLY grey rami communicantes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If spinal cord sections above T1 do not have white rami, then where do presynaptic sympathetic fibers come from (to innervate the cervical viscera)? |
|
Definition
- from T1 or below
- myelinated, white presynaptic fibers from thoracic cord sections enter the paravertebral ganglia adjacent to the cord and ascend the sympathetic trunk to a cervical paravertebral ganglion, where they synapse with the postsynaptic grey fiber and leave the trunk via a grey ramus communicante |
|
|
Term
| Where are the presynaptic sympathetic neurons that supply the heart located? The lungs? |
|
Definition
heart - T1-T4
lungs - T1-T3 |
|
|
Term
| How many vertebrae are there? |
|
Definition
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral (fused)
- 3-4 coccygeal (fused)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the gelatinous mass inside of IV discs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer covering of the nucleus pulposus that is composed of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the superior and inferior borders of the intervertebral foramina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the posterior border to the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
| - facet joint (composed of inferior and superior articular processes) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the anterior border of the intervertebral foramen? |
|
Definition
| - vertebral bodies and IV discs |
|
|
Term
| Thru what portion of the anulus fibrosus does an IV disc usually herniate? |
|
Definition
| - posterolateral (the anulus fibrosus is thinnest here) |
|
|
Term
| Primary spinal curvatures are __ (convex or concave) anteriorly? Where are primary curvatures located? Secondary? |
|
Definition
- concave
primary = thoracic and sacral
secondary = cervical and lumbar |
|
|
Term
| What is Kyphosis? Why does it develop? |
|
Definition
- excessive thoracic curvature
- from erosion of vertebral bodies due to osteoporosis or tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Lordosis? Why does it arise? |
|
Definition
- excessive lumbar curvature
- in order for pregnant women to maintain center of gravity |
|
|
Term
| What is scoliosis? How does it arise? |
|
Definition
- lateral curvature of spine
- differences of lengths of lower limbs, failure of half of some vertebrae to develop, muscle paralysis on one side |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between flexion and extension? |
|
Definition
flexion = bending over forwards
extension = bending over backwards
|
|
|
Term
| Which type of vertebrae have accessory and mammillary processes? |
|
Definition
| - lumbar (for attachment of deep back muscles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of lumbar vertebral bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of thoracic vertebral bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of vertebrae have the longest transverse processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- anterior edge of body of S1
- an obstetrical landmark |
|
|
Term
| Where can injections for epidural anesthesia be given? |
|
Definition
- in the sacral hiatus (caudal epidural)
- thru a dorsal sacral foramen (transsacral epidural) |
|
|
Term
| The PNS is composed of what? |
|
Definition
- 12 cranial nerve pairs
- 31 spinal nerve pairs |
|
|
Term
| The spinal cord begins at the __ and ends at the __. |
|
Definition
- foramen magnum (at the base of the skull)
- conus medullaris (b/w L1 and L2) |
|
|
Term
| The dural and arachnoid sacs terminate at which vertebra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the 2 spinal enlargements? |
|
Definition
cervical = C4-T1
lumbosacral = L2-S3 |
|
|
Term
| Where does C3 exit the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does C8 exit the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does T3 exit the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lateral grey horn contain? |
|
Definition
| - GVE (autonomic motor, sympathetic) neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
|
|
Term
| Do spinal nerves have any special fibers (afferent, efferent, visceral or somatic)? |
|
Definition
| - no (special fibers are only found in cranial nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the cell bodies of GVA and GSA fibers lie? |
|
Definition
| - in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) |
|
|
Term
| What vessel supplies the lumbosacral enlargement? |
|
Definition
| - great anterior segmental medullary artery (of adamkiewicz) |
|
|
Term
| What is the denticulate ligament? |
|
Definition
| - tooth-like extension of the pia mater between the dorsal and ventral rootlets |
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of a lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
| - between L2 and S2, in the lumbar cistern (a part of the subarachnoid space) |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
- rectus capitus posterior major
- obliquus capitis superior
- obliquus capitis inferior
|
|
|
Term
| What is the roof of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
- posterior arch of atlas
- posterior atlantooccipital membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle? |
|
Definition
- vertebral artery
- suboccipital nerve
- suboccipital venous plexous |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- middle third of clavicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O (sternal head) - manubrium
O (clavivluar head) - medial 1/3 of clavicle
I - mastoid process / lateral half of superior nuchal line
F - ipsilateral flexion, contralateral rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - contraction of cervical muscles (e.g., SCM) that results in twisting of neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, spines of C7-T12
I - lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
F - elevation, depression, retraction, rotation of scapula |
|
|
Term
| The SCM and trapezius are innervated by which cranial nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the floor of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
- splenius capitis
- levator scapulae
- post, middle, and ant scalenes
(all in a row from post to ant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - lower 1/2 of nuchal ligament
I - mastoid process and skull
F - extension of head (bilaterally), ipsilateral rotation (unilaterally) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - transverse processes of C1-C4
I - upper medial border of scapula
F - elevates scapula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - tubercles of transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
I - ribs
F - flexion and lateral flexion of neck, inspiration (via elevation of ribs) |
|
|
Term
| Contents of Posterior Triangle |
|
Definition
- subclavian artery (3rd part)
- suprascapular artery
- transverse cervical artery
- brachial plexus
- XI
- great auricular nerve
- lesser occipital nerve
- omohyoid (inferior belly) |
|
|
Term
| On which side of XI is the carefree zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 parts of the brachial plexus? Which parts are in the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
R - roots
T - trunks
D - divisions
C - cords
B - branches (terminal)
- roots and trunks (supraclavicular) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of a prominent external jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| - increased venous pressure (maybe due to heart failure) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of the presence of a cervical rib? |
|
Definition
- it may compress the subclavian artery and/or the brachial plexus
- pain, parasthesia, ischemia to upper limb, weakness |
|
|
Term
| What vessel is often the entry point to the venous system for central line placements? |
|
Definition
- subclavian vein
(be wary of subclavian artery and pleura) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of the retropharyngeal space? |
|
Definition
| - provides a route for spread of infection (e.g., from abscessed tooth to chest) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the deep cervical fascia? |
|
Definition
- investing (superficial)
- prevertebral
- visceral (pretracheal and buccopharyngeal) |
|
|
Term
| Boundaries of Anterior Triangle |
|
Definition
- mandible
- midline of neck
- SCM |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
- submental
- submandibular
- muscular
- carotid |
|
|
Term
| Roof of Anterior Triangle |
|
Definition
- platysma
- investing layer of deep cervical fascia |
|
|
Term
| Floor of Submandibular Triangle |
|
Definition
- mylohyoid (ant)
- hypoglossus (post) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - (digastric fossa of) mandible
I - hyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - mastoid notch
I - hyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - styloid process
I - hyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - mylohyoid line of mandible
I - mylohyoid raphe and hyoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O - inferior mental spine
I - hyoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the infra- and suprahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| - aid in swallowing (raising tongue and floor of mouth) and opening jaw |
|
|
Term
| What is the only muscle in the submandibular triangle that is not derived from a pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| - geniohyoid (so it's not innervated by SVE, but by GSE) |
|
|
Term
| Contents of Submandibular Triangle |
|
Definition
| - submandibular gland and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Floor of Submental Triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contents of Submental Triangle |
|
Definition
- submental lymph nodes
- anterior jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| Contents of Muscular Triangle |
|
Definition
- anterior jugular veins
- omohyoid, sternohyoid (superficial)
- thyrohyoid, sternothyroid (deep)
- ansa cervicalis and cervical plexus (nerves) |
|
|
Term
| Floor of Carotid Triangle |
|
Definition
- middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
- hypoglossus
- thyrohoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
- internal jugular
- internal carotid
- X |
|
|
Term
| What is the carotid body? |
|
Definition
| - small clump of cells in fork of ext. and int. carotid that monitors O2 content of blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid artery? |
|
Definition
S - superior thyroid
A - ascending pharyngeal
L - lingual
F - facial
O - occipital
P - posterior auricular
S - superficial temporal
M - maxillary |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the chain of lymph nodes along the IJV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The R recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the __ and the L loops around the __. |
|
Definition
R - R subclavian artery
L - aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause and what are the symptoms of Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
cause = lesion to cervical sympathetic trunk
symptoms = ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, anhidrosis, and vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 branches of the 1st part of the subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
- vertebral
- internal thoracic
- thyrocervical trunk (transverse cervical, suprascapular, inferior thyroid)
|
|
|
Term
| The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the confluence of what 2 veins? |
|
Definition
- subclavian
- internal jugular |
|
|
Term
| Why is it better to inject the R subclavian vein (as opposed to the L)? |
|
Definition
| - to avoid injuring the thoracic duct (the largest lymph vessel in the body) |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the body are drained by the thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
| - all quadrants except upper R (drained by R lymphatic duct) |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest endocrine gland in the body, and what does it secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - enlargement of thyroid gland caused by lack of iodine |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by overactivity and underactivity of the parathyroid? |
|
Definition
over - demineralization of bones
under - tetany |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 constrictions of the esophagus? Which is the narrowest? |
|
Definition
- pharyngoesophageal (narrowest)
- aortic
- L main bronchus
- diaphragmatic
|
|
|
