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Greek/Roman History
Schulten E Period
78
History
10th Grade
10/04/2010

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Term
Greek Geography
Definition
-The mountains separated communities, allowing each to develop in isolation.
-Fiercely independent
-Rivalry between communities (devastated Greece), but would join together if being attacked
-Islands caused many to become seafarers, and the sea caused Greek culture to spread into the Mediterranean World.
Term
Minoans
Definition
-Center at Knossus (palace complex)
- Had ships that took them to Egypt as well as Southern Greece in search of goods.
Term
Mycenaeans
Definition
-These people invaded Crete. It was a fortified state in mainland Greece
-One of many centers of Indo-European who eventually developed civilization
Term
Homer
Definition
-Author of the Illiad and the Odyssey
-Through his stories, he taught courage and honor
Term
Trojan War
Definition
-Caused by Paris, prince of Troy
-Kidnapped Helen (wife of king of Sparta)
-Greeks trick Trojans and make big wooden horse and best Mycenaean soldiers hide in there.
Term
Dark Ages of Greece
Definition
- Few records of what happened between 1100-750 BC.
-There was a revival of trade and economic trade. --Iron replaced bronze, making weapons more affordable.
Term
The Illiad and The Odyssey
Definition
Stories of the Trojan War:
-Illiad about Trojan War itseld
-Odyssey recounts the journey of one of the Greek heroes, Odysseus, after the fall of Troy.
Term
City-States
Definition
- Polis: central focus of Greek life.
*Town, city or village and surrounding countryside.
Term
Acropolis
Definition
-Fortified City on a hill
-Agora: marketplace where people could assemble below the hill
Term
Athens vs. Sparta
Definition
Government:
A: Democracy (rule by all)
S: Oligarchy (rule by a wealthy few) (2 Kings)

Military:
A: Powerful Navy
S: Spartan Wall of Men

Economy:
A: Trade-based (esp. with island colonies)
S: Agriculture (landowners with slaves [Helots])

Education:
A: Liberal Arts (both boys and girls)
S: Military education began at age 5--
enrolled at 20--got married at 30--
stay in army until 60--go into reserves
Term
Persian Wars
Definition
Athenian wars with Persia
Term
Marathon
Definition
-Persian Ruler seeking revenge for revolt of Ionians (who were helped by Athenians)
-Athenians win
-Persia wants revenge
- Athens builds Navy
Term
Thermopylae
Definition
-Xerxes wants revenge against Athenians (beginning to rebuild their Navy).
-Traitor tells Xerxes how to win
-300 men held them off for two days while Athens fled their own city.
Term
Salamis
Definition
-Greek fleet, though outnumbered, managed to defeat the Persian fleet. Mostly a Naval battle. Large Persian ships couldnt fit through narrow straights.
Term
Peloponnesian War
Definition
- S or A couldn't stand the others system. Spartans feared the growing Athenian empire.
-Overcrowdedness caused plague, killing 1/3 of the city, Athens surrenders.
-Lasted 25 years.
-Athenian D. League vs. Spartan Pelop. League
Term
Development of Athenian Democracy
Definition
Term
Solon
Definition
590 BC : Cancels land debts and frees slaves in Athens
Term
Pisistratus
Definition
560 BC: Calls for redistribution of the land
Term
Cleisthenes
Definition
508 BC: "Father of Democracy"
Aided peasants and Athenian rule.

Athenian Assembly: Male citizens pass laws after open debate.
Council of 500: Proposes laws to assembly; oversees treasury
Trial by Jury: 501 citizens determine fate of accused.
Term
Greek Culture
Definition
-Polytheistic Religion
-Art focused on reason, perfection, balance, and harmony
-Architecture:
Doric: plain
Ionic- Decorative
Corinthian: Highly ornate
-Drama: Comedy or Tragedy
Term
The Sophists
Definition
Group of traveling philosophers who taught that truth was relative.
Term
Socrates
Definition
-Truth is absolute
-We know everything
-Ask questions to get truth
Term
Plato
Definition
- Eternal and Sensory:
E: emotions, forms, ideas,
S: material objects
Ideal society: philosopher as king, warriors, and masses.
-Equality of all people
Term
Aristotale
Definition
-Eternal and sensory world intermixed
-Constitutional government is the best form
Term
Battle of Charonea
Definition
-Athenians allied with a number of other Greek states and fought the Macedonian a Thebes in 388 BC.
-Macedonians crushed the Greeks.
Term
Alexander the Great
Definition
Alex was motivated by the desire for glory and empire, but he also wanted to avenge the Persian kind for the burning of Athens in 480. Alexanders armies also conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and modern day Pakistan and Iran, India.
-This empire falls apart and splits into four different territories.
Term
Hellenistic Culture
Definition
-Around 300 BC
-Expansion of Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of SW Asia and beyond.
-Blend of Greek with cultures conquered by Alex that have intermarried.
Term
Appolonius of Rhodes
Definition
Literature- Jason and the Search for Golden Fleece
Term
Aristarchus
Definition
Developed theory that sun is center of the universe
Term
Eratosthenes
Definition
Earth is round
Term
Euclid
Definition
"Elements" geometry book
Term
Archimedes
Definition
Pi
Term
Epicurus
Definition
Humans free to follow self-interest and basic motivation
Term
Zeno
Definition
Happy when in harmony with God. Doubt everything that isn't rational and reasonable.
Term
Roman Geography
Definition
-Italian Peninsula--> access to trade on Mediterranean Sea
-Large fertile plains-->Latiums
- Small mountain ( 7 Hills of Rome)
- Tiber River
Term
Founding of Rome
Definition
Latin- original inhabitants

Greeks- colonies brought culture to South Italy
Term
Etruscans
Definition
- Conquered Latium
- Introduce building projects
- Introduce government
- Introduce army organization
-Overthrown in 509
Term
Patricians and Plebians
Definition
Patricians:
-Wealthy Landowners
-Eligible for government offices
-20% of the population

Plebians:
-All other Roman citizens
-Farmers/Craftsmen
-80% population
Term
Government of Roman Republic
Definition
Term
Senate
Definition
-300 Patricians voted by Patricians
- Make all laws for Rome
- Council of Centurions- 100 senators pick executive officers
Term
Consuls
Definition
-2 Consuls: Must be Pats, must agree on all decisions, CIC of army, Dictator (1 consul during time of war) Triumvirate (3 consuls)
Term
Praetors
Definition
- Determine if law has been broken.
- Determine what punishment
- Must be Patrician
Term
Tribunes
Definition
-Represent 12 tribes of Plebians
-Each tribe elects 1 leader who serves on tribal council.
-Council of Tribes: Elect member to represent all Plebians in Senate
- Veto power
- Eventually Rome has 12 tribunes
Term
Roman Law
Definition
- Twelve Tables: adopted in 450 BC; simples farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs.
- Law of Nations: universal law based on reason; this enable them to establis standards of justice that applied to all.
Term
Punic Wars
Definition
1st: Rome sent army to Sicily (considered act of war) Rome defeats Carthage. Carthage gives up all rights to Sicily and wants revenge. 2nd: Hannibal defeats Romans and continues to roam in smaller parts of the Roman empire. Where he eventually gets defeated. 3rd: Carthage pays off debt owed from last war. Sends to attack one of Rome's allies. Rome seizes Carthage
Term
Latifundia
Definition
Large land estates
Term
**Marius and Sulla**
Definition
Civil war breaks out because the council of plebs tried to transfer Marius and his new ideas.
Term
Gracchus Brothers
Definition
These two tribunes tried to remedy the unrest by passing land reforms. Both are killed.
Term
1st Triumvirate
Definition
-Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
-60 BC
-Crassus died in battle
-Caesar conquered Gaul (France)
-Senate orders Caesar to disband army and he refuses
-Caesar invades Rome through Rubicon River
- Pompey tries to defend but is killed by Caesar
-Caesar dictates Rome for 1 year.
Term
Julius Caesar
Definition
-Gave land to poor
-Increased Senate to 900 members
-Planned much more but was assassinated
Term
2nd Triumvirate
Definition
-Octavian Caesar, Lepidus, Marc Anthony
-Created to catch conspirators who killed Julius
-Lepidus died in 41; Rome split b/w two
-Anthony allies with Cleopatra in Egypt
Term
Battle of Actium
Definition
In 31 BC Octavian's forces smashed that of Cleopatras and Antony. Both A and C committed suicide a year after having fled back to Egypt.
Term
Caesar Augustus
Definition
27 BC.
Had a strong, large army. Conquered many new areas.
Term
**Julio-Claudian Emperors**
Definition
Term
5 Good Emperors
Definition
Nerva: Reformed land laws and revised taxation in favor of poor.
Trajan: Expanded the empire to its greatest extent.
Hadrian: Constructed Hadrian's Wall in Britain; Erected many fine buildings
Marcus Aurelius: Helped unify the empire economically; made legal reforms
Term
Pax Romana
Definition
Peace of Rome: lasted almost 100 years. Trading/ Roads. Somewhat forced.
Term
**Roman Cities**
Definition
Term
**Roman Army**
Definition
Term
**Roman Culture during the Empire Age**
Definition
Term
Roman Religion
Definition
Traditional was a religion of convenience.
Term
Pharisees
Definition
Held that close observance of religious law would protect Jewish identity from Roman influences.
Term
Sadducees
Definition
Favored cooperation with Rome
Term
Essenes
Definition
Lived apart from society, sharing goods in common.
Term
Zealots
Definition
Called for a violent overthrow of Rome.
Term
Christianity and Rome
Definition
Term
Decline and Fall of Rome
Definition
Term
Diocletian
Definition
Ruler that divided Rome into four units, each with its own leader. And last great persecution of Christians.
Term
Division of Empire
Definition
Seperated into four parts, each having their own ruler.
Term
Constantine
Definition
New capital city.
Term
Edict of Milan
Definition
Official tolerance of Christianity
Term
Theodosius
Definition
Made Christianity official religion
Term
Germanic Tribes
Definition
Term
Atilla the Hun
Definition
Term
Battle of Adrianople
Definition
Term
Visogoths
Definition
Term
Fall of Rome
Definition
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
Term
Platea
Definition
-Largest Greek army up to that time.
-Defeat Persians and divide into Athens and Sparta
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