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GRE Psychology - Memory
taken from Princeton review
43
Psychology
Graduate
10/13/2011

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Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
lasts seconds. conection between perception and memory.
Term
George Sperling
Definition
Iconic memory - found that people can see more than they can remember.
Term
iconic memory
Definition
sesnory memory for vision
Term
Ulric Neisser
Definition
backward masking
Term
backward masking
Definition
presentation of a new pattern before iconic image fades Mask is more successful if it is similar to original stimulus.
Term
icon
Definition
a brief visual memory.
Term
Short Term Memory
Definition
lasts for seconds or minutes
Term
George Miller
Definition
found that STM has a capacity of 7 items
Term
chunking
Definition
grouping items, which can increase the capacity of the STM.
Term
clustering
Definition
grouping according to some criterion ( all the fruits, all the vegetables, all the canned foods....)
Term
Primary maintenance rehearsal
Definition
repeating to keep in STM
Term
secondary elaborative rehearsal
Definition
organizing and understanding to transfer to LTM
Term
Proactive interferance
Definition
difficulty remembering because of interferencne of prior knowledge or experience. (eg: learning how to drive automaic car after having learned stick shift)
Term
Retroactive interference
Definition
when a person has difficulty recalling old information due to new learning or information (eg: difficulty remembering French because just learned Italian)
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
capable of permanent retention. Measeured by recognition, cued recall, free recall and savings. Is not subject to primacy/recency effects but is subject to interference.
Term
recognition
Definition
multiple choice
Term
cued recall
Definition
fill in the blanks
Term
free recall
Definition
remembering with no cues.
Term
savings
Definition
measuring how much has been retained in the LTM by measuring how long it takes to learn something a second time versus the first time.
Term
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
more likely to rmember something if it is retreived in the same context as it was stored.
Term
episodic memory
Definition
details, events, discrete knowledge. susceptible to questioning and other influences. thik 'autobiogrpahy' - things that you have experienced.
Term
semantic memory
Definition
generaly knowledge about the world. Think: 'encyclopedia'.
Term
procedural memory
Definition
"how to"
Term
declarative memory
Definition
knowing of facts. Episodic and semantic are both types of declararive memory.
Term
serial learning
Definition
a list (presidents, alphabet....)
Term
paired-associate learning
Definition
when one word or memory is paired with another and can aid in recall. For example, pairing a spanish word with an english word)
Term
free-recall learning
Definition
a list is learned and must be recalled in any order without cues.
Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition
experiments on STM using nonsense syllables. Forgetting curve.
Term
Bartlett
Definition
memory is reconstructive rather than rote. (War of the Ghosts)The process of puttig together memory based on general abstract info, in ansence of specific memory.
Term
Pavio
Definition
Dual Code Hypothesis- better remembered if visually and semantically encoded.
Term
Craik and Lockhart
Definition
continuum of different levels of processing. Physical, acoustic, semantic. The deeper, the easiest it is to recall.
Term
Loftus
Definition
Memory of traumatic event is influenced by phrasing of questions.
Term
Hebb
Definition
Memory involves changes in synapses and naural pathways, making a memory tree.
Term
Kandel
Definition
studied sea slugs and young chicks - brains altered with new learning and memory
Term
Brenda Lilner
Definition
'HM' - lesions to hippocampus to treat epilsepsy. Could not add anything to LTM.
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
no memory of pre-existing events, prior to onset.
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
no ability to form new memories. cannot transfer STM to LTM
Term
echoic memory
Definition
auditory sensory memory
Term
Smith, Shoben and Rips
Definition
semantic feature comparison model - alternative to Loftus, collins and Quillian's cognitive semantic hierarchy. Each word has feature lists. The more overlap between two words, the less difficult to answer 'true' in a semantic verification task.
Term
Brown and McNeil
Definition
Tip of the tongue phenomenon: we cannot recall a word but can recall similar words, grammatical structure, sound pattern...
Term
Holmes
Definition
memories are not repressed, they are not attended to because of a choice to focus on other distractions or events.
Term
semantic verification task
Definition
asked to verify whether a simple statemet is tru or false. The experimenter measures the response latency or the time taken to respond.
Term
Zeigarnick Effect
Definition
easier to remember incomplete tasks than complete tasks.
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