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Gram Positive Bacteria
Gram Positive Bacteria
29
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
10/17/2013

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Term
Non-sporulating firmicutes
Definition
Key genera: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, Listeria
Term
Characteristics of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus
Definition
Aerobic, cocci

Resistant to reduced water potential

Tolerate high salt

Many species are pigmented
Term
Staphylococcus
Definition
Catalase positive; facultative anaerobes

S. epidermidis
-- non-pathogenic normal flora of the skin
-- coagulase negative

Staphylococcus aureus
--opportunistic pathogen
--coagulase positive
--MRSA
Term
Micrococcus luteus
Definition
Non-pathogenic normal flora of the skin
Term
Streptococcus
Definition
Homofermentative

Catalase negative; facultative anaerobes

Play important roles in production of buttermilk, silage, and other products

Some species are pathogenic
Term
Lactobacillus
Definition
Rod-shaped

Common in dairy products

Resistant to acidic conditions
- Grow in pH as low as 4
Term
Listeria
Definition
Gram-positive coccobacilli

Form chains 3-5 cells long

Require full oxic or microoxic conditions for growth
Term
Different Streptococcus strains
Definition
S. pyogtenes (GAS)

S. agalactiae (GBS)

S. pneumoniae

S. mutans
Term
Enterococcus
Definition
fecal origin
- VRE
Term
Lactococcus strain
Definition
L. lacti
Term
Endospore-forming Firmicutes
Definition
Key genera: Bacillus, Clostridium
- distinguished on the basis of cell morphology, and the shape and cellular position of endospore

Generally found in soils

Spore formation
-survival mechanism
Term
Bacillus (endospore-forming firmicutes)
Definition
Facultative anaerobes

Central endospores

Many bacilli produce antibiotics

B. anthracis - disease of cattle, speticemia, lungs

B. thuringensis - biological control, kills insects, larvae or adults
Term
Clostridium
Definition
Obligate anaerobes

Terminal endospores

Mainly found in anaerobic pockets in the soil
- also live in mammalian intestinal tract

Some are pathogenic; botulism, tetanus, and gangrene
Term
Mycobacterium
Definition
Pleomorphic, rod-shaped organisms, acid fast

Mycolic acid

Slow growing

Mycobacteria form tight, compact, wrinkled colonies

Cord factor
Term
Actinobacteria
Definition
Corynebacterium

Propionibacteria
Term
Corynebacterium (Actinobacteria)
Definition
Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped

Form club-shaped, irregular-shaped, or V-shaped cell arrangements

Extremely diverse
Term
Propionibacteria
Definition
First discovered in Swiss cheese

Gram-positive anaerobes

Have metabolic strategy called secondary fermentation
- obtain energy from fermentation products produced by other bacteria
Term
Filamentous Actinobacteria
Definition
Produce mycelium

Primary soil microorganisms

Strict aerobes
Term
Streptomyces (Filamentous Actinobacteria)
Definition
Over 500 species

50% of all isolated Streptomyces produce antibiotics
- over 500 distinct antibiotics

Large genomes (8 Mbp and larger)
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
Obligately parasitic with poor metabolic capacities
- rely on host cell

C. trachomatis
- STD
- blindness

C. pneumonia
- atypical pneumonia
Term
Mycoplasmas
Definition
Mycoplasma
- pleomorphic

Lack cell walls
- key components of peptidoglycan are missing

Parasitic that inhabit animal and plant hosts

Growth
- media for the culture of mycoplasmas are typically quite complex
- mycoplasma colonies: "fried egg" appearance
Term
Bacteroides
Definition
Obligately anaerobic

Human intestinal tract

Synthesize sphingolipids
Term
Flavobacterium
Definition
Found primarily in aquatic environments

Aerobic, nutritionally restricted, frequently yellow-pigmented
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Gram-negative, motile, and coiled

Widespread in aquatic environments and in animals

Have endoflagella: located in the periplasm of the cell
Term
Spirochetes strains
Definition
Treponema pallidum

Borrelia

Leptospira and Leptonema
Term
Treponema pallidum
Definition
STD - syphilis

Not culturable
Term
Borrelia
Definition
Majority are human or animal pathogens

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease
- tick transmission
Term
Leptospira and Leptonema
Definition
Strictly anaerobic spirochetes

Rodents are the natural host of Leptospira

Cause of leptospirosis in humans
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
Gas vesicles are found in many cyanobacteria
- help maintain buoyancy
- keep cell in water column where there is light

heterocysts are rounded, enlarged cells
- anoxic environment insie heterocyst
- site for nitrogen fixation
nitrogenase is sensitive to oxygen

Many cyanobacteria display gliding motility
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