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Government Judical Branch Test
Judicial Branch Test chapters 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, 12-1, and 12-2
38
Social Studies
10th Grade
02/20/2012

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Term
Supreme Court
Definition
Has become the most powerful court in the world, power has developed with history, custom, and usage. 9 justices, hears most important cases that are appealled, usually constitutional or federal law cases.
Term
Appellate Courts
Definition
Can reviews decisions, 13 courts, have appeallate jurisdiction ()
Term
District Courts
Definition
Have original jurisdiction (), also called trial courts, 89 district courts.
Term
Justices
Definition
Nominated by the president, confirmed by Senate. Usually 50-60 years old,  same party as president, same point of view as president, have legal training, and have serves as state court judges (experience).
Term
Blue Slip Policy
Definition
allows a senator to block a nomination to a federal court in their home state.
Term
Writ of certiorari
Definition
Legal document hat the Supreme Court sends to a lower court ordering it to send up a complete record of a case.
Term
Amicus Curaie Briefs
Definition
A brief written by parties not directly involved in a case but with an interest in it.
Term
Majority Opinion
Definition
Opinion of the majority of justices, only need 4 out of 9 justices for the majority.
Term
Dissenting Opinion
Definition
Opinion written by justices who disagree with the majority.
Term
Concurring Opinion
Definition
Opinion of justices who agree with the majority but have different reasons for doing so.
Term
Judicial Activism
Definition
Belief that the Court has the right and obligation to use judicial review to overturn bad precedents and promote socially desirable goals.
Term
Judicial Restraint
Definition
Belief that judicial review should be used sparingly, especially when dealing wth controversial issues.
Term
Trial Courts of General Jurisdiction
Definition
Handle most serious criminal cases and major civil disputes.
Term
Trial Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
Definition
Handle minor criminal or civil cases usually involving informal hearings without juries.
Term
State Courts
Definition
Have jurisdiction oer cases involving state law.
Term
Federal Courts
Definition
Have jurisdiction over cases involving U.S laws, foreign treaties, and interpretation of the Constitution. Cannot initiate action.
Term
Concurrent Jurisdiction
Definition
Issues where both state and federal courts share jurisdiction.
Term
Judicial Review
Definition
Supreme Courts power to examine the laws and actions of local, state, and national governments and cancel them if they violate the constitution. Established in Marbury vs. Madison, Justice Marshall brodens federal power at the expense of the states.
Term
Justice Taney
Definition
Emphasized rights of states and citizens.
Term
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Definition
Missouri compromise ruled unconstitutional.
Term
Fletcher v. Peck
Definition

 Judicial Review for state laws too.

 

Term
Brown v. Board of Education
Definition
Outlawed segregation in schools.
Term
Plessy v. Fergusion
Definition
Luisianna law that black and whites had seperate train cars, establised seperate but equal.
Term
Petite Jury
Definition
Jury of 12 people that deals with district court civil and criminal cases, decides guilt or innocence, also called trial jury.
Term
Grand Jury
Definition
Determines if there is sufficient evidence for a trial.
Term
Legislative Courts
Definition

Help Congress exercise its power.

Ex. US tax court, US court of Dc, Territorial courts, US court of verterens Appeals, Court of foreign intellience survalliance.

Term
Solicitor General
Definition
Appointed by the president, represents the federal government before the Supreme Court.
Term
Per Curiam Opinion
Definition
A brief unsigned decision.
Term
How the Supreme Court Operates
Definition

1.Cases are appealled or written up (writ of certiorari)

2. Worthy cases are put on a list, 2/3 of these cases make it to the list.

3. Some cases per curiam opinion, some are fully considered

4. Each side of a case submits a brief

5. Amicus curiae briefs are submitted

6. Lawyers for both sides make oral arguments, Justies can interrupt

7. On wednesdays and fridays, Justices have secret conference to decide cases.

Term
Unanimous Opinion
Definition
Opinions where all justices agree on a decision.
Term
Senitorial Courtesy
Definition
When the president consults Senators before nominating any person to a federal vacancy within that Senators state.
Term
How the Supreme Court Shapes Policy
Definition

Using Judicial Review, Interpretation of Laws, and Overturning Earlier Decisions.

 

Term
Impound
Definition
To refuse to spend money Congress has appropriated. The supreme court limited Lincolns power to do this in Train vs. City of NY.
Term
Stare Decisis
Definition

Meaning let the decision stand, nder this principle once a court rules on a case, its decision serves as a precedent to base other decisions on.

Ex. Olmstead v. US decision overturned in Katz v. Us when court decided wiretapping was unconstitutional because of the search and siezure act under the 4th Amendment.

Term
Limits on Types of Issues of Supreme Court
Definition
Can only decised on cases dealing with civil liberties, economic issues, federal legislation and regulations, due process of law, suits against government officials, and disputes between states or between the national governemtn and states.
Term
Lack of Enforcement Power
Definition
Supreme Court cannot enforce its decisions as pointed out by former President Andrew Jackson although these decisions are almost always followed. It is up to the Legislatinve and Executive Branch to enforce these decisions.
Term
Supreme Court Limited Over Agenda
Definition
Supreme Court can only decide cases that come to it from elsewhere in the legal system.
Term
Supreme Court Limits on Types of Cases it Hears
Definition
Courts will only consider ases were its decision will make a difference, cases where the plaintiff has suffered real harm, and cases that invovle a substantial federal question. Cannot deal with political questions or give out advisory opinions, or rulings on a law or ation that has not been challanged.
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