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GI Buzz Words for Step 1
Path and pathophys of GIT
218
Medical
Graduate
05/31/2010

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
MC type of tumor of salivary glands
Definition
Mixed tumor/Pleomorphic adenoma
Term
MC location of pleomorphic adenoma
Definition
parotid gland
Term
MC cancer that metastasizes to the left supraclavicular node (Virchow's Node)
Definition
Stomach cancer
Term
Location and f(x) of Meissner's plexus
Definition
AKA submucosal plexus
in the submucosa b/w muscularis mucosa and inner circular layer of sm. muscle of GIT wall
Carries cell bodies of parasympathetic terminal effector neurons and regulates secretions, blood flow and absorption
Term
Auerbach's Plexus location and f(x)
Definition
AKA myenteric plexus
b/w inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of sm muscle in the GIT wall
Contains cell bodies of parasympathetic terminal effector neurons and coordinates motility along the entire gut wall.
Term
Vertebral level of celiac trunk
Definition
T12/L1
Term
vertebral level of SMA
Definition
L1
Term
Vertebral level of IMA
Definition
L3
Term
Parasympathetic innervation of the viscera supplied by the celiac artery
Definition
Vagus Nerve
Term
Parasympathetic innervation of the viscera supplied by the SMA
Definition
Vagus
Term
Parasympathetic innervation of the viscera supplied by the IMA
Definition
Pelvic
Term
Watershed area of GIT blood supply
Definition
Slenic flexure (b/w branches of the left colic and middle colic artery)
Term
Zone I of Liver
Definition
Periportal
Term
Liver zone affected first by viral hepatitis
Definition
Zone I
Term
Zone II of Liver
Definition
Intermediate Zone of the liver
B/w portal and central veins
Term
Zone III of the liver
Definition
Pericentntral vein/centrilobular
Term
Liver zone affected first by ischemia
Definition
Pericentral vein/centrilobular/Zone III
Term
Liver zone that contains the P-450 system
Definition
Zone III
Term
Liver Zone that is most sensitive to toxic injury
Definition
Zone III
Term
Liver area affected by alcoholic hepatitis
Definition
Zone III
Term
Site of portrusion of indirect inguinal hernia
Definition
internal/deep inguinal ring
Term
Lateral -> medial contents of femoral triangle
Definition

NAVEL

Nerve (femoral)

Artery (femoral)

Vein (femoral)

Empty space

Lymphatics

 

Term
Contents of the femoral sheath
Definition
Femoral artery, vein and canal (lymphatics)
Not Femoral n.
Term
Borders of the femoral triangle
Definition
Superior- inguinal ligament
Lateral- border of sartorius muscle
Medial- Adductor longus muscle
Term
fascial layers of abdominal wall in inguinal region O -> I
Definition
External oblique m. fascia
Internal oblique m. fascia
transversus abdominis fascia
trasversalis fascia
parietal peritonium
Term
layers of spermatic fascia
Definition
external
cremasteric
internal
Term
path of indirect inguinal hernia
Definition
enters deep/internal inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
Exits the superficial inguinal ring and enters the scrotum
Term
population most affected by indirect inguinal hernias
Definition
infants due to an incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis
Term
Path of direct inguinal hernia
Definition
through Hesselbach's triangle medial to the inferior epigastric artery, through the external inguinal ring only.
Term
fascia covering an indirect inguinal hernia
Definition
External spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle fascia and internal spermatic fascia
Term
Fascial layers covering a direct hernia
Definition
external spermatic fascia
Term
Borders of Hasselbach's triangle
Definition
Superior- inferior epigastric artery
Medial- lateral border of rectus abdominus muscle
inferior- inguinal ligament
Term
Demographic most commonly affected by direct hernias
Definition
Older men
Term
Leading cause of bowel incarceration
Definition
Femoral hernia
Term
Demographic most affected by femoral hernia
Definition
women
Term
Path of femoral hernia
Definition
below the inguinal, through femoral canal and lateral to the pubic tubercle
Term
Serous salivary glands and important component of secretions
Definition

Parotids

α-amylase

Term
Mucinous salivary glands and major product
Definition
sublingual- mucin (sialomucins
Term
Nerve that runs through the paratoid
Definition
facial nerve CNVII
Term
Nervous stimulation of salivation
Definition
Sympathetic- from T1-T3 from the superior cervical ganglion
Parasympathetic from the facial (CN7) and glossopharyngeal nerve (CN9)
Term
purpose of salivary bicarb
Definition
neutralize oral bacterial acids and maintain dental health
Term
Only GI submucosal glands
Definition
Brunner's glands in the duodenal submucosa
Term
Purpose of Brunner's glands and when are they hypertrophied
Definition
To secrete alkaline mucus to protect the mucosa of the duodenum b/w the pyloric outlet and the sphincter of Oddi Brunner's glands are hypertrophied in PUD
Term
Cell type that secretes Gastrin and their location
Definition
G cells, antrum of stomach
Term
factors that regulate gastrin secretion
Definition

↑ by: 

1. stomach distention

2. amino acids (particularly try and phe)

3. vagal stimulation

 

↓ by stomach pH < 1.5

 

Term
action of gastrin
Definition
↑ H+ secretion, growth of gastric mucosa and gastric motility
Term
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrom
Definition
A tumor of gastrin producing cells
Term
Cells that secrete CCK and their location
Definition
I cells duodenum and jejunum
Term
F(x) and regulation of CCK
Definition

F(x):

↑ pancreatic secretion

Stimulate GB contraction

↓ gastric emptying

 

CCK secretion is stimulated by fatty acids and amino acids

Term
Sx of cholelithiasis
Definition
Pain after fatty meal b/c of ↑ secretion of CCK
Term
F(x) and regulation of secretin
Definition

F(x): 

↑ HCO3 secretion

↓ decrease gastric H+ secretion

↑ bile secretion

 

Regulation: ↑ by acid and fatty acid in the lumen of the duodenum

Term
Cells that secrete secretin and location
Definition
S cells in the duodenum
Term
Cells that secret Somatostatin and their location
Definition
D cells in the pancreatic islets
Term
F(x) and regulation of SST secretion
Definition

F(x):

↓ gastric acid and pepsinogen secrition

↓ pancreatic and small intestine secretion

↓ GB contraction

↓ insulin and glucagon release

 

Regulation: 

↑ by acid

↓ by vagal stimulation

Term
Clinical use of SST
Definition
Used to treat VIPomas and carcinoid tumors
Term
Cells that secret Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and their location
Definition
K cells in the duodenum and jejunum
Term
F(x) and regulation of GIP
Definition

F(x):

Exocrine: ↓ gastric H+ secretion

Endocrine: ↑ insulin secretion

 

Regulation: ↑ by fatty acids, amino acids and oral glucose

Term
Cells that secrete Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and their location
Definition
Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, GB and small intestine
Term
F(x) of VIP and regulation
Definition

F(x):

↑ intestinal water and electrolyte secretion

↑ relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

 

Regulation:

↑ by distention and vagal stimulation

↓ adrenergic input

 

Term
VIPoma and Sx
Definition

Non-α and non-β pancreatic islet cell tumor that secretes VIP

Copious diarrhea

Term
Motilin: where it comes from and what it does
Definition
Comes from the small intestine and it produces migrating motor complexes
Term
Where does IF come from and what does it do
Definition

Gastric parietal cells

It binds Vit B12 and is required for B12 uptake

Term
Sx of Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
Definition
Chronic gastritis and pernicious anemia
Term
What cells secrete gastric acid and where are they located?
Definition
Parietal cells in the body of the stomach
Term
How is gastric acid secretion regulated?
Definition

↑ by histamine, Ach, and gastrin

↓ by SST, GIP, prostaglandin and secretin

Term
Gastrinoma
Definition
Gastrin secreting tumor that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers
Term
Where does Pepsin come from and what does it do?
Definition

Gastric chief cells in the body of the stomach

It digests protein

Term
How is pepsinogen secretion regulated?
Definition
↑ by vagal stimulation and local acid
Term

Where is HCO3 produced?

What is for?

How is its secretion regulated?

Definition

Where: It is produced by mucosal cells in the stomach, duodenum and Brunner's glands

What: It neutralizes acid and prevents autodigestion and is a major component of the protective mucus layer in the stomach

How: Its section is ↑ by secretin

Term
Vagal messengers in stomache
Definition
G Cells- Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates gastrin release Parietal Cells- Ach stimulates H+ release
Term
Drug that blocks Vagal stimulation of parietal cells
Definition
Atropine
Term
bonds hydrolyzed by salivary amylase and products of hydrolization
Definition
α-1,4 linkages yields disaccharides maltos, mototriose and α-limit dextrans
Term
rate limiting step in CHO digestion
Definition
Oligosaccharide hydrolases produce monosaccharides from oligo and disaccharides
Term
CHO absorption from gut
Definition

Only monosaccharied- glucose, galactose and fructose

glucose and galactose are absorbed via Na-mediated SGLT-1

Fructose is absorbed via GLUT-5 (facilitated diffusion)

Term

Channel that transport of monosaccharides from enterocytes to blood

Definition
GLUT-2
Term
Location of Fe absoprtion
Definition
Duodenum
Term
Location of folate absorption
Definition
Jejunum
Term
location of B12 absorption
Definition
ileum along w/ bile acids
Term
Bile salts
Definition
Bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine
Term
Direct Bilirubin
Definition
Conjugated with glucuronic acid, water soluble
Term
Indirect bilirubin
Definition
unconjugated, water insoluble
Term
Product of bacterial breakdown of bilirubin in gut and it's fate
Definition

Urobilinogen

80% are excreted in feces as stercobilin (stool color)

2% excreted in urine as urobilin (urine color)

18% returned to liver via the enterohepatic circulation

Term
characteristics of pleomorphic adenoma
Definition

 benign

painless, movable mass

high rate or recurrence

Term
MC malignant tumor of salivary glands
Definition
mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Term
Most common location of Wathin's Tumors
Definition
Tail of the parotid gland
Term
Exposure risk for Warthin's Tumor
Definition
Smoking
Term
Pathogenesis of Achalasia
Definition
Loss of Auerbach's/myenteric plexus leads to high opening LES pressure and uncoordinated peristalsis
Term
Burton's Lines
Definition
Lead poisoning lines on gingivae
Term
Mallory Bodies
Definition
Alcoholic Liver Ubiquinated intermediate filaments (keratin) in an alcoholic liver; appear eosinophilic
Term
Bird's Beak
Definition
Achalasia Appeareance of LES on a barium swallow.
Term
Presentation of GERD
Definition
Heartburn/dyspepsia and regurgitation upon lying down
Term
Sx and potential complication of achalasia
Definition

progressive dysphagia

assoc. w/ increased risk of esophageal carcinoma

Term
Cause of 2° achalasia
Definition
Chagas Dz
Term
Boerhaave syndrome
Definition

transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching

"Been-Heaving syndrome"

Term
Lye ingestion
Definition
assoc. w/ esophageal strictures
Term
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Definition

Triad of:

1. dysphagia (esophageal webs)

2. glossitis

3. Fe-deficiency anema

 

Assoc. w/ esophageal cancer

Term
Risk Factors for esophageal cancer
Definition

ABCDEF:

 

Alcohol/Achalasia

Barrett's esophagus

Cigarettes

Diverticula (Zenker's)

Esophagitis/Esophageal webs (e.g., Plummer-Vinson)

Familial

Term

MC esophageal cancer:

World-Wide?

U.S.?

Definition

World-Wide: SCC

US: SCC=adenocarcinoma

Term
Areas of esophagus most commonly affected by cancer
Definition

SCC- upper and middle 1/3

Adenocarcinoma- lower 1/3

Term
Differences b/w celiac and tropical sprue
Definition

Celiac: Immune mediated (anti-gliadin Ab) and primarily in proximal small bowel

Tropical: probably infectious, responds to Abx and affects entire small bowel

Term
Diarrhea w/ arthralgias, cardiac and neruologic sx
Definition
Whipple's Dz
Term
Whipple's Dz
Definition
caused by infx by tropheryma whippelii
Term
Causes and complications of pancreatic insufficiency
Definition

Causes: CF, obstructing cancer, chronic pancreatitis

complications: malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

Term
Appearance of villi in disaccharidase deficiency (lactose intolerance)
Definition
Normal
Term
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Definition
Associated with celiac sprue
Term
Ab assoc. w/ celiac dz.
Definition
anti-gliadin Ab
Term
Histology of Celiac Dz
Definition
Blunted villi and lymphocytes in the lamina propria
Term
Condition(s) assoc. w/ celiac dz
Definition
T-cell lymphoma
Term
Curling's ulcer
Definition

assoc. w/ burns

↓ plasma volume → sloughing of gastric mucosa

Term
Cushing's ulcer
Definition

Due to brain injury

↑ vagal stimulation → ↑ ACh → ↑ H+

Term
Chronic gastritis (types A and B)
Definition

Type A: Autoimmune destruction by Auto-Ab (Type II HSE) of parietal cells causing pernicious Anemia and Achloridia. Affects the body and fundus

 

Type B: Caused by H. pylori infx affecting the antrum.  Assoc. w/ ↑ risk of MALT lymphoma

Term
Hypertrophy of the gastric rugae (look like brain gyri)
Definition
Menetrier's dz
Term
Menetrier's dz
Definition

gastric hypertrophy w/ protein loss

parietal cell atrophy

↑ mucus cells

Precancerous

Term
Cancer assoc. w/ acanthosis nigricans
Definition
Stomach Cancer
Term
Risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma
Definition

Dietary nitrosamines

type A blood

Achloridia

chronic gastritis

Term
Linitis plastica
Definition
Diffusely infiltrative gastric adenocarcinoma
Term
"leather bottle"
Definition
thickened, rigid appearance of  diffusely infiltrative gastric adenocarcinoma
Term
Peptic ulcer dz (PUD)
Definition
 Can be gastric ulcers ( meals can ↑ pain) or duodenal (pain ↓ with meals)
Term
Causes of PUD
Definition

Gastric: H. pylori ~70% and NSAID use

Duodenal: H. pylori ~100%

Term
gross appearance of ulcers in PUD vs. carcinoma
Definition

ulcers: clean, "punched-out" margins

Carcinoma: raised/irregular margins

Term
Potential complications of PUD
Definition

bleeding

penetration into pancreas

obstruction

NOT PRECANCEROUS

Term
String sign
Definition

Crohn's Dz

Appearance of thickened mucosa on a barium swallow

Term
Lead pipe appearance
Definition
Ulcerative colitis
Term
Granulomas w/ lymphoid aggregates: CD or UC
Definition
CD
Term
bloody diarrhea: CD or UC
Definition
UC
Term
Cobblestone Mucosa: CD or UC
Definition
CD
Term
Creeping Fat: CD or UC
Definition
CD
Term
Perianal dz: CD or UC
Definition
CD
Term
Toxic Megacolon: CD or UC
Definition
UC
Term
Colorectal carcinoma: CD or UC
Definition
UC
Term
Tx for Crohn's Dz
Definition
Corticosteroid and infliximab
Term
Tx for UC
Definition

Sulfasalazine

infliximab

colectomy

Term
extraintestinal manifestations of CD
Definition

Migratory polyarthritis

erythema nodosum

Ankylosing spondylitis

uveitis

immunologic d/os

Term
Extraintestinal manifestations of UC
Definition

Pyoderma gangrenosum

1° Sclerosing cholangitis

Term
Stricture or fistulas: CD or UC
Definition
CD
Term
p-ANCA: CD or UC
Definition
UC
Term
Pyoderma Gangrenosum: CD or UC
Definition
UC
Term
Halitosis + dysphagia + obstruction
Definition
Zenker's diverticulum
Term
MC congenital anomaly of the GI tract
Definition
Meckel's diverticulum
Term
possible complications of Meckels Diverticulum
Definition

bleeding

intussusception

volvulus

obstruction near the terminal ileum

Can have ectopic pancreatic or acid-secreting gastric mucosa

Term

Cause of Hirschsprung's dz

Pathogenesis

Characteristics 

Presentation

Definition

Failure of neural crest cells to migrate to location -> lack of ganglion cell/enteric plexuses (Auerbach's and Meissner's) 

Colon proximal to the aganglionic portion is dilated.

Chronic constipation in early life and failure to pass meconium

Term
GI d/os assoc. w/ Down Syndrome
Definition

Hirschsprung's Dz

Duodenal atresia

Term
Difference in presentation of Right-sided and Left-sided CRC
Definition

Right side: bleeds

Left side: obstructs

Term
Apple Core lesion
Definition
Appearance of colorectal cancer on barium swallow
Term
Tumor marker for CRC
Definition
CEA
Term
Gardner's Syndrome
Definition
FAP w/ osseous and soft tissue tumors, retinal hyperplasia
Term
Turcot's syndrome
Definition
FAP w/ possible brain involvement (glioma and medulloblastoma)
Term
hyperpigmented mouth, lips, hands, genitalia
Definition
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Term
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Definition

Benign polyposis syndrome- hamartomatous polyps of colon and small intestine

↑ risk of CRC and other visceral malignancies (pancreas, breast, ovaries, stomach)

Term
MC malignancy of small bowel
Definition
Carcinoid tumor
Term
Most common location of carcinoid tumors
Definition
Appendix
Term
Types of cells in carcinoid tumor
Definition
Endocrine cells- contain "dense core bodies" on EM and often produce Carcinoid syndrome
Term
Fetor Hepaticus
Definition
Breath smells like freshly opened corpse
Term
Carcinoid Syndrome
Definition
Caused by carcinoid tumors (serotonin-secreting tumors). only seen if a GI tumor has metastasized or it exists outside the GIT
Term
Sx of carcinoid tumor
Definition
1. Diarrhea 2. cutaneous flushing 3. wheezing 4. right-sided valvular dz Elevated urine 5-HIAA
Term
Insults causing micronodular cirrhosis
Definition

Alcohol

hemochromatosis

Wilson's Dz

Term
Insults leading to macronodular cirrhosis
Definition
postinfectious or drug-induced
Term
Potential Complication of macronodular cirrhosis
Definition
HCC
Term
Asterixis
Definition

Cirrhosis (Wilson's dz)

Uremia

Term

Liver enzymes in:

Viral Hepatitis

Definition
↑↑↑ ALT > AST
Term
Liver Enzymes in Alcoholic hep
Definition

↑ rarely above 300 and AST > ALT

Term
Non-hepatic cause of ↑ AST
Definition
MI
Term

↑ γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)

Definition

↑ with heavy alcohol consumption

Term

↑ Alk Phos

Definition

Obstructive liver dz (HCC)

Bone dz

bile duct dz

Term

↑ amylase

Definition

acute pancreatitis

mumps

Term

↑ Lipase

Definition
acute pancreatitis (more specific)
Term
↓ Ceruloplasmin
Definition
Wilson's Dz
Term
Fatty liver w/ hypoglycemia and coma in a child
Definition

Reye's Syndrome

Hepatoencephalopathy caused by treating a viral infx (CMV, HSV) with aspirin/salicylates

Can be fatal

Term
MC 1° malignancy of the liver in adults
Definition
HCC
Term
AFP tumor marker
Definition
1. endodermal sinus/yolk sac turmor (ovary or testes)
2. HCC
Term
Conditions assoc. w/ HCC
Definition

HBV

HSV

Hemochromatosis

Wilson's Dz

α1-Antitrypsin deficiency

Cirrhosis 

Carcinogens (aflotoxin in peanuts)

Term
Findings in HCC
Definition

tender hepatomegaly

ascites

polycythemia

hypoglycemia

Term
Tumor marker for HCC
Definition
α-fetoprotein
Term
Potential complication of HCC
Definition
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Term
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Definition

occlusion of the IVC or hepatic veins w/ centrilobular congestion and necrosis leading to congestive liver dz- hepatomegaly, ascites, abdominal pain and liver failure

NO JVD

Term
Conditions assoc. w/ Budd-Chiari
Definition

PCV

pregnancy 

HCC

Term
Dubin-Johnson pathogenesis, characteristics
Definition

↑ bilirubin due to defective liver excretion

grossly black liver

Benign

Term

Gilbert's Syndrome

Pathogenesis and characteristics

Definition

↑ unconjugated bili b/c of ↓ UDP-glucuronyl transferase or ↓ uptake

 

Benign

Term

Crigler-Najjar Syndrome, Type I

Pathogenesis, characteristics, and Tx

Definition

absent UDP-glucuronyl transferase

↑ unconjugated bilirubin

Usually die w/i a few years

Jaundice, kernicterus

Tx: plasmapheresis and phototherapy

Term
Sx of Wilson's Dz
Definition

ABCD:

Asterixis

Basal ganglia degeneration (Parkinsonism)

Ceruloplasmin ↓, Cirrhosis, Corneal Deposits (Keyser-

Fleischer rinks), Copper accumulation, Carcinoma, Choreiform movements

Dementia

 

Hemolytic anemia

Term
Tx for Wilson's Dz
Definition
Penicillamine
Term
Lab findings in Hemochromatosis
Definition
↑ Ferritin, Fe, ↓ TIBC
Term
Cause of 2° Hemochromatosis
Definition
chronic transfusion tx, as in β-Thal
Term
Nutmeg liver
Definition

Backup of blood into the liver caused by right-sided heart failure and Budd-Chiari syndrome.  

Can proceed to centrilobular necrosis and cardiac cirrhosis

Liver appears mottled like a nutmeg

Term
Tx of hereditary hemochromatosis
Definition
repeated phlebotomy, deferoxamine
Term
"Bronze Diabetes"
Definition

Triad of Hemochromatosis:

Cirrhosis, DM, and skin pigmentation

 

Term
"Beading" on ERCP
Definition
1º Sclerosing Cholangitis
Term

1° sclerosing cholangitis

Characteristics

findings

labs

complications

Definition

inflammation and fibrosis of bile ducts, both intra- and extra-hepatic

"onion skin" bile duct fibrosis

↑ ALP (alk phos)

Can lead to 2° biliary cirrhosis 

Term

1° biliary sclerosis

Pathogenesis

 characteristics

findings

Assoc. conditions

Definition

Auto-immune destruction w/ intrahepatic bile ducts causing obstruction

Obstructive jaundice, steatorrhea, pruritis

hypercholesterolemia (xanthoma), ↑ ALP, ↑ serum mitochondrial Abs

Assoc. w/ scleroderma and CREST syndrome

Term

2° Biliary Cirrhosis

Pathogenesis

complications

Lab findings

Definition

Extra-hepatic obstructi↑on -> ↑ pressure in intrahepatic ducts causing injury/fibrosis

complicated by ascending cholangits (bact infx), "bile lakes" and bile stasis

 ↑ ALP and conj bili

Term
Insects that can cause acute pancreatitis
Definition
Scorpion sting
Term
Drugs that can cause acute pancreatitis
Definition
sulfa drugs
Term
epigastric pain radiating to back + anorexia + nausea
Definition
Acute pancreatitis
Term
Potential complications of Acute Pancreatitis
Definition
DIC, ARDS, pseudocyst formation, diffuse fat necrosis, hypocalcemia, hemorrhage and infx
Term
Potential complications of chronic pancreatitis
Definition
pancreatic insufficiency -> steatorrhea, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and DM
Term
Tumor markers for pancreatic cancer
Definition
CEA and CA-19-9
Term
Risk factors for pancreatic cancer
Definition

Jewish and Af. America males

cigarrettes

Term
MC site of pancreatic tumors
Definition
head of the pancreas
Term
Presentation of pancreatic cancer
Definition

1. Abd pain radiating to the back

2. Weight loss (from malabsorption and anorexia)

3. Trousseau's Syndrome- migratory thrombophlebitis = redness and tenderness on palpation of extremities 

4. Courvoisier's Sign- obstructive jaunice w/ palpable GB

Term
HLA-A3
Definition
Hemachromatosis
Term
FAP (MOI and characteristics)
Definition
Auto-dominant mutation of APC gene on chromo 5q
Causes thousands of polyps involving the entire colon and the rectum is always involved
Term
HNPCC
Definition
AKA Lynch syndrome
mutation in mismatch repair genes
~80% progress to CRC
Proximal colon
Term
Wilson's Dz MOI
Definition
Auto-recessive
Term
Etiology of 1o Hemochromatosis
Definition
Genetic: Auto-recessive
Term
MC benign liver tumor
Definition

Cavernous Hemangioma

Can repture

Term
Tumor assoc. w/ OCPs
Definition
Hepatic Cell adenoma
Term
GI drug that inhibits P-450 system and class
Definition
Cimetidine- H2 blocker
Term
GI drug that has anti-androgenic effects and side effects
Definition

Cimetidine

Cause PRL release which -> gynecomastia, impotence and ↓ libido in men and galactorrhea in women

Term
GI drug that can cross BBB and it's effects
Definition
Cimetidine-> confusion, dizziness, HA
Term
GI drug that can cross placenta
Definition
Cimetidine (H2 blocker)
Term
GI drug that causes  ↓ creatinine excretion
Definition
Ranitidine and Cimetidine (H2 blocker)
Term
Stress ulcer prophylaxis
Definition
Sucralphate
Term
Anti-TNF monoclonal Ab and uses
Definition

Infliximab

Crohn's and RA

Term
Overuse of Antacids
Definition

All cause Hypokalemia

Al(OH)3- constipation, hypophosphatemia, proximal muscle weakness, osteodystrophy, seizures

MgOH- diarrhea, hyporeflexia, hypotension, cardiac arrest

CaCO3- hypercalcemia and rebound acid ↑

Term
MOA of Odansetron and clinical use
Definition

5-HT3 antagonist -> centrally acting antiemetic

Used to control vomiting in post-op and chemo patients

Term
Metoclopramide MOA, clinical use, and main SE
Definition

D2 antagonist->  ↑ resting tone, contractility, LES tone and motility (not colon  transport time).

Used in Diabetic and post-op gastroparesis

SE: parkinsonism, restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue, depression, nausea and diarrhea.  Drug interaction w/ digoxin and DM agents.

Term
Anti-mitochondrial Ab
Definition
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Term
Blood test using sheep erythrocytes
Definition
Mono-spot-> for suspected EBV infx
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