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GERO test 1
GERO test 1
86
Medical
Graduate
01/30/2014

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Stochastic
Definition

Biological Theory 

-genetic damage leads to functinoal failure and death 

-defects in protein synthesis mechanism leads to error in proteins 

Term
Development-genetic
Definition

Biological theory 

 

-the process of aging is continuous with and probably operated through the same mechanisms as development 

Term
Cellular Aging
Definition

biological theory 

 

-Cellular level changes affect organismal changes 

Term
Evolutionary
Definition

Biological Theory 

 

 -genetic errors/accidents over time lead to aging 

Term
Neuropsychological
Definition
Cognitive change is an inevitable part of aging
Term
Life Span
Definition

Psychological Theories 

 

-biologically and socially constituted 

-The second half of life is characterized by significant individual differentiation, multi directionality, and intraindividual plasticity 

Term
Selective optimiation with compensation
Definition

psychological theories 


A model of psychological and behavior adaptation identifying three fundamental mechanisms for managing adaptive development in later life (selection, optimization, compensation) 

Term
Socioemotional Selectivity
Definition

Describe individual choices in interaction, based on self-interested need for emotional closeness that leads to selective interaction 

Term
Cognition and Aging
Definition

Distal Determinant: factors that affect cognition reside outside the individual (ex. social and cultural environment) 

 

Proximal Determinant: Specific Individual differences are the cause of cognitive change 

Term
Personality and aging
Definition

Theories that focus on the extent and nature of personality and change over time 

Term
Life course
Definition

Sociological Theory 

-Focuses on expected and normal changes in life over its entire span

Term
Social Exchange
Definition

Individuals, including elders, make rational choices about interactions with others, based on their needs and on norms of reciprocity

Term
Feminist
Definition

Give priority to gender as an organizing principle for social life across the life span

 

Term
Political Economy of aging
Definition

Focus on the interaction of economic and political forces in explaining how the treatment and status of older adults can be understood

Term
Critical perspectives of aging
Definition

Focuses either on humanistic dimensions of aging or on structural components in attempting to create positive models emphasizing strengths and diversity of age

Term
Silent Generation
Definition

1927-1942

  • Characteristics: sacrifice, hard work, duty before pleasure 
  • Personality: conformist, conservitive spender, past oriented 
Term
Baby boomers
Definition

1946-1964 

  • characteristics: optimism, teamwork, personal gratification/growth
  • personality: driven, soul searchers, love/hate relationship with authority
Term
Generation X
Definition

1965-1981 

Characteristics: diversity, balance, self-reliance, pragmatism

Personality: Risk-takers, Skeptical, Family-oriented, job focused 

 

Term
Young old
Definition
 Relatively healthy & financially independent elders of any age (us 55-74)    
Term
Old-Old
Definition

older than 75 often liited by functional disabilities

Term
rural geography
Definition

often good support networks, distance can be a problem. elder provided benefits: money to community, provide reciprocal services like watching grandchildren

Term
suburban
Definition

transportation frequently a problem, tend to have greatest financial resources but fewer community resources

Term
urban
Definition

-  have greatest geographic access to transport & services but less economic capacity. greater ethic variability

Term

Ageism

Definition

How we Tx old depends on personal assumptions, expectations & fears @ growing older - fear generally based on a lack of understanding of aging process

Term
Somesthesis
Definition

¢Somesthesis includes the sensations that arise from light and deep touch of the skin and the viscera, vibration, pain, and temperature, as well as kinesthesis, the sensation and awareness of active or passive movement
Term
Disengagement
Definition

Elders typically withdraw from previous activities in preparation for death 

Term
Activity Theory
Definition
Elders maintain activity and do best when they are active and engaged
Term
Continuity Theory
Definition
Individuals later in life sustain previous beliefs, values and characteristics
Term
Life Span
Definition
Old age is a continuation of the developmental process, representing a new development stage
Term
MOHO
Definition

The individual is conceptualized as an open, changing system, with a number of subsystems (volition, habituation, mind-brain-body performance) that reflect successful performance 

Term
PEO-SOC
Definition

Individual, occupation, and environments interact and interaction can be effective or problematic

 

 

Elders adapt through these three mechanisms to change in functional ability (Selection, optimization, compensation) 


  • Select occupation 
  • Optomize Performance 
  • Compensate for things that can't be performed effectively 
Term
Occupational Adaptation
Definition

Occupations change across the life span 

 

Individuals need to adapt to occupational change 

 

 

Dysfunction is the result of ineffective adaptive responses

Term
Spiritual Index of wellbeing
Definition

Explores Self-Efficacy and life Scheme as related to spirituality; 

Term
Spiritual History Scale in Four Demensions
Definition

Measures factors labeled “God Helped”, Family history of religiousness, lifetime of religious social support, cost of religiousness”

Term
Life Satisfaction Index
Definition

Questionable validity; problematic when used with individuals from cultures with different values.

Term
COPM
Definition

Asks the individual to identify important occupations and rates these numerically in terms of satisfaction

Term
Personal Projects Approach
Definition

ask the individual to list important projects and then rate these; client might be asked to rate each project for importance, for impact on stress management, on meaning or other variables that help prioritize the projects in terms of centrality for the intervention process. 


Term

Age related changes 

(cardiopulmonary) 

Definition

Increased residual volume 

increased functional residual capacity 

decreased vital capacity 

Term

Age related Changes 

(cardiovascular) 

Definition

Decreased cardiac output

increased dysrhythmias

decreased blood flow

increased perception of exertion 

Term
Increased residual volume
Definition
amount of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration
Term
Functional residual capacity
Definition
Amount in air left in lungs after passive expiration
Term
vital capacity
Definition
max. amount of air a person can expel after a max inhale
Term
Functional performance
Definition

pertains to task completion that imposes stress of the oxygen transport system above resting metabolic demand

Term
Functional Capacity
Definition

 the capacity of the cardiovascular system to transport oxygen

Term
Functional performance threshold
Definition

·      the ability to perform ADLs to meet the minimum criterion compatible with personal care and independent living

Term
Functional Capacity
Definition

capacity to respond to an exercise stimulus, maintain the physiological adjustments necessary to sustain aerobic exercise for a period of time and then recover appropriately from that stimulus on cessation of exercise.

 

 

 

 

Term

Getting out of bed in the morning 

(hemodynamic Status) 

Definition

o   Accompanied by morning stiffness, imbalance, slowed vital signs, slowed autonomic responsiveness, reduced muscle pump activity in the legs

Term

Getting out of the tub 

(hemodynamic status) 

Definition

o   Significant peripheral vasodilatation from having been in warm water for a period of time; Adaptation of the normal fluid shifts will be poor upon standing. Increased cardiac work is required in lifting oneself out of the tub

Term

Getting off the toilet 

(hemodynamic Status) 

Definition

o   The period of autonomic changes and physical straining may result in reduced venous return

Term
Getting out of a chair
Definition

o   Fluid shifts and pooling of blood in the abdomen and legs during sitting

Term
Picking an item off the floor
Definition

o   Reflect reduced cerebral blood flow secondary to the sudden movement to erect position and lack of normal rapid compensatory response.

Term
Self-Paced Walking Test
Definition

To assess functional performance in older individuals 


-Individual is instructed to walk a measured distance at three different speeds with 5 min rest between each one a. slow b. normal pace c. fast pace, without overexerting yourself

 

-at least one practice trial required

 

-Outcome: for each walking trial speed, time to complete the distance and stride frequency are calculated; also the average heart rate, stride length and predicted VO2 max can be determined. 

Term
Modified Shuffle Walking test
Definition

2. to prescribe an appropriate walking program


Term
Bag and carry test
Definition

To evaluate functional performance including endurance, strength and balance 

Term
TUG
Definition

To assess basic functional mobility in the elderly

Term
6 and 12 minute walk test
Definition

To assess functional performance in individuals with low functional capacity such as the elderly and those with chronic cardiac and respiratory disabilities 

Term

Chronic Airflow Limitations 

 

Definition

-ineffective ventilation

-impared gas mixing

-impaired ventilation 

 

____

 

May have shortness of breath on exertion or rest

-Breathing pattern: prolonged expiration 

Term
Restrictive Lung Disease
Definition

-reduced compliance 

-increased effort to inflate lungs 

 

Breathing Pattern: Rapid, Shallow 

Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition

 

 

 

 

-High blood pressure

 

-Ischemic chest pain

-Myocardial infarction

___



Term
Diabetes
Definition

Hypoglycemia with activity or exercise 

Term
Normal age related changes (eyes)
Definition

-loss of elasticity in the skin causing the eyelids to be malpositioned 

-decrease in tear production

-eye muscles become weak

-astigmatism 

-loss of color sensitivity 

Term
Pathological changes (eyes)
Definition
  • Cataracts
  • age related macular degeneration 
  • glaucoma
  • diabetic retinopathy 
Term
Functional Changes
Definition
related to decreased tissue elasticity, tone, strength, degeneration of structures, slowing of the CNS information processing.
Term
Dry AMD
Definition
Loss of vision over time
Term
Wet AMD
Definition
rapid progressing vision loss
Term
glaucoma
Definition
progresive optic nerve damage
Term
Diabetic retinopathy
Definition
damage to the blood vessels of the retina as a result of diabetes
Term
Vision strategies
Definition
  • strong prescription reading glasses
  • magnifiers
  • telescopes
  • electronic magnification 

Review box 5-1

Term
Normal Age related Changes (ears)
Definition
30% of adults between 65-75 have hearing loss & 50% of those between the ages of 75-79
Term
Conductive hearing loss
Definition
  • related to prevention of conduction of sound to inner ear
  • wax buildup, fluid buildup 
Term
Sensorieural hearing loss
Definition

loss or damage to the sensory hair cells of the choclea. 

typically not correctable 

Term
Hearing Handicap Index for the Elderly
Definition
identifies problems that hearing loss may cause with independence
Term
Normal Age related changes
Definition

·       Increased threshold for vibration sensation and decreased proprioception

Term
Normal Musculoskeletal changes
Definition
  • Narrowing of joint spaces
  • bones make contact with bone
  • decrease in muscle strength
  • decrease in bone formation and increase in reabsorption leading to osteoporosis 
  • decrease in flexion/extension of spine
  • decrease in posture and gate changes
Term

Not normal age related changes

NMS

 

Definition
decrease in mobility leads to joint stiffness & decreased strength, which leads to pain, which leads to disability, falls, frailty & loss of independence
Term
Fall risk increases when
Definition
  • there is a decrease in mobility
  • MSK-related posture and gate changes
  • Neuro-related gait & proprioception changes
  • Environmental hazards 
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
  • Associated with age- and menopause related changes
  • occurs more often in women
  • age of onset is menopause
Term
Osteoporosis (risk factors)
Definition
  • female
  • increased age
  • white or asian
  • estrogen deficiency
  • low calcium intake
  • prolonged immobility 
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition

nearly universal, affecting men and women

-degenerative joint disease

Term
Fluid Intelligence
Definition
The ability to adapt to and use new information in reasoning, solving, and integrating problems or novel information
Term
crystallized abilities
Definition
the accumulating practical skills and knowledge of the individual
Term

Normal age changes 

(cognition) 

Definition
  • Problem solving: declines tend to be delayed until 70s 
  • Working memory retained: some limitations minimize the amount of material that can be retained
  • Long term (secondary): some decline, deficits in encoding process
  • very long term(remote): little decline in remembering info such as details from personal childhood/early adult 
Term

Normal aging changes

(cognitive) 

Definition
  • psychomotor
  • speed of processing
  • verbal skills
  • reasoning 
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