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Geology test 2
N/A
59
Geology
Undergraduate 2
11/07/2011

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Term
Which of the following properties does not depend on the chemical composition of an igneous rock/magma?
Definition
grain size
Term
Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content?
Definition
ultramafic
Term
Which of the following minerals is rarely found in felsic igneous rocks?
Definition
olivine
Term
Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition?
Definition
gabbro and basalt
Term
Which of the following statements about felsic igneous rocks is true?
Definition
Felsic rocks crystallize at lower temperatures than mafic rocks.
Term
Solidified fragments of volcanic material ejected into the air are called ______.
Definition
pyroclasts
Term
Which of the following statements about the viscosity of lavas is true?
Definition
Lava viscosity increases as the silica content of the lava increases.
Term
What is the effect of water on rock melting?
Definition
Water lowers the melting temperature of a rock.
Term
If a magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the remaining magma will be ______.
Definition
more felsic
Term
Which of the following igneous rocks does not consist of volcanic glass?
Definition
gabbro
Term
What type of magma forms at mid-ocean ridges?
Definition
mafic
Term
The volcanism at spreading centers occurs as a result of ________ melting.
Definition
decompression
Term
What is the eruption temperature of basaltic lava?
Definition
1000–1200°C
Term
Which of the following lavas will flow downhill slowest?
Definition
rhyolite
Term
Which kind of magma is least likely to have large catastrophic pyroclastic eruptions?
Definition
basalt
Term
Most of the world's active volcanoes are located around the edge of which ocean?
Definition
the Pacific Ocean
Term
Which of the following is least likely to signal an impending volcanic eruption?
Definition
tsunamis
Term
Which of the U.S. volcanoes listed below is considered to pose the greatest risk to the population?
Definition
Mt. Rainier volcano
Term
What is the plate tectonic environment that has caused the formation of the volcanoes of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington States (including Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens)?
Definition
Subduction zone environment
Term
What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering?
Definition
clastic sediments
Term
Which of the following statements about transportation of sediment is false?
Definition
Smaller particles settle faster than larger particles.
Term
Which of the following minerals would be most concentrated at a site containing heavily weathered sediments?
Definition
quartz
Term
The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called ______.
Definition
sorting
Term
The type of weathering whereby rocks may be dissolved is called _______.
Definition
chemical weathering
Term
The study of sedimentary rocks helps geoscientists determine ______.
Definition
all of the above
Term
In what type of rocks are you most likely to find oil, natural gas, and coal?
Definition
sedimentary
Term
Which kind of mineral is most resistant to chemical weathering?
Definition
quartz
Term
Which of the following environments is an example of a shoreline environment?
Definition
deltaic
Term
In which of the following sedimentary environments would gravel most likely be deposited?
Definition
alluvial
Term
Which of the following is not a clastic sedimentary environment?
Definition
evaporite
Term
Graded bedding is a common sedimentary structure in which environment?
Definition
continental slopes
Term
Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle size?
Definition
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone
Term
Which of the following is an example of a clastic sedimentary rock?
Definition
shale
Term
The most abundant chemical/biochemical sedimentary rocks are ______.
Definition
carbonates
Term
Coal is produced from the diagenesis of ______.
Definition
swamp vegetation
Term
Which of the following rocks is composed of calcium carbonate?
Definition
limestone
Term
The diagonal layers are called ________.
Definition
cross-beds
Term
In what type of environment did the ripples depicted above most likely form?
Definition
beach (waves)
Term
Assuming the sand dune was deposited by wind currents, which way was the wind blowing?
Definition
ARROW GOING LEFT
Term
What is the pressure on a rock at 15-km depth in the Earth's crust?
Definition
approximately 4000 times atmospheric pressure
Term
What is the average rate at which temperature increases with depth in the Earth's crust?
Definition
30°C/km
Term
Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of a shale is false?
Definition
With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the rock gets smaller.
Term
What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure imposed over a large volume of crust?
Definition
regional
Term
Which of the following tectonic settings may be characterized by regional, high-pressure, and ultra-high-pressure metamorphism?
Definition
convergent plate boundaries
Term
What kind of metamorphism would you expect to see in the rocks at a meteorite impact site?
Definition
shock
Term
Which of the following statements about eclogites is not true?
Definition
Eclogites form next to granitic intrusions.
Term
Which of the following sequences describes the metamorphic changes in a shale with increasing metamorphic grade?
Definition
slate → schist → gneiss
Term
Which of the following metamorphic rocks is incorrectly paired with its parent rock?
Definition
quartzite  granite
Term
Which of the following metamorphic rocks cannot form from a shale?
Definition
marble
Term
What is the relation between metamorphic foliation and sedimentary bedding?
Definition
There is no general angular relationship between sedimentary bedding and metamorphic foliation.
Term
What metamorphic facies occurs at temperatures of 400°C and pressures of 6 kilobars?
Definition
greenschist
Term
Which of the following metamorphic rocks form in the forearc of a subduction zone?
Definition
blueschist
Term
Different pressure-temperature zones within a belt of regionally metamorphosed rock are defined by the presence of _______.
Definition
index minerals
Term
What type of pressure-temperature pathway represents subduction zone metamorphism?
Definition
high pressure and low temperature
Term
Which of the index minerals listed is indicative of the highest metamorphic grade?
Definition
sillimanite
Term
Which list places the metamorphic facies in order of increasing metamorphic grade?
Definition
greenschist, amphibolite, eclogite
Term
Which of the following characteristics of metamorphic terrains inform geologists about the plate tectonic environment that led to that metamorphism?
Definition
all of these
Term
Which of the following metamorphic rocks forms from mafic volcanic rocks?
Definition
greenstone
Term
Which of the following metamorphic minerals commonly forms porphyroblasts?
Definition
garnet
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