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Geology 1 final
SMC Geology final
123
Geology
Undergraduate 1
06/10/2009

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Term
sheetwash
Definition
thin layer of unchanneled water flowing downhill.
Term
drainage basin/watershed
Definition
total area that drains into stream
Term
tributary
Definition
small stream flowing into larger one
Term
Creep
Definition
very slow, downslope movement of soil (less than 1cm/yr)
Term
Shear Force/Shear Strength
Definition
Force- parallel to slide slides down from gavity.
strength- resistance to shear force.
Term
divide
Definition
ridge or strip of high ground separating watersheds.
Term
dendritic drainage pattern
Definition
resembles branches of a tree, developed on uniformly erodible rock, most common drainage.
Term
Radial Drainage pattern
Definition
streams diverge outward like spokes of a wheel downward from steep top, forms on high mtns (volcanoes)
Term
Rectangular drainage pattern
Definition
tributaries have frequent 90 degree bends, develops on regularly fracutred rock.
Term
trellis drainage pattern
Definition
parallel main streams w/ short tributaries meeting at right angles. forms when resistant rock alternate with non resistant rock(shale)
Term
stream gradient
Definition
downhill slope of the stream bed.
Term
stream discharge
Definition
volume of water that flows past a given point in a unit of time.
Term
hydraulic action
Definition
ability of flowing water to pick up and move sediments.
Term
potholes
Definition
depressions eroded into the hard rock of stream bed by abrasive actions of sediment load.
Term
bed load
Definition
large or heavy sediment particles that travel on the stream bed through traction/saltation.
Term
traction
Definition
movement of rocks in streambed by rolling, sliding, dragging.
Term
saltation
Definition
movement of rocks in stream by series of short leaps or bounces off the bottom.
Term
suspended load(streams)
Definition
sediment that is light enough to remian lifted indefinitely above bottom by water turbulence. (Muddy appearance of a stream)
Term
dissolved load(streams)
Definition
soulable products of chemical weathering processes, contains numerous ions, (bicarbonate, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride)
Term
Bar(streams)
Definition
a ridge of sediment deposited in streams.
Term
placer deposits(streams)
Definition
mechanically deposited heavy sediment, lighter stuff carried away, leaves valuable metals (gold)
Term
braided streams
Definition
stream choked with sediment forming channels around multiple bars.
Term
meandering stream
Definition
narrow deep streams with sinuous curves. low velocity on inside of curves, high erosion velocity on outside.
Term
point bar
Definition
bars formed on the inside curve of streams due to low velocity which causes deposition.
Term
meander cutoff
Definition
a new shorter channel punches through point bar, redirecting stream leaving an oxbow lake
Term
flood plain
Definition
broad strip of land built up by sedimentation on either side of stream.
Term
deltas
Definition
body of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river when the river velocity decreases.
Term
distributaries
Definition
small shifting channels that carry water away from main river channel and distribute it over the surface of delta.
Term
downcutting
Definition
process of deepening a valley by erosion of stream bed
Term
graded stream
Definition
stream that has smooth longitudinal profile of the stream bed.
Term
lateral erosion (streams)
Definition
erosion and downcutting of a stream bank and valley walls as stream swings from side to side. stream channel remains same width, but valley widens by erosion.
Term
headwater erosion
Definition
slow uphill growth of a valley above its original source through gullying, mass wasting, and sheet erosion.
Term
stream terraces
Definition
steplike landforms found above a stream and its flood plain, formed by deposition and subsequent erosion.
Term
incised meander
Definition
(grand canyon) meanders that retain their sinuous patterns as they cut down vertically below level at which originally formed, has no flood plains. often caused by regional uplift.
Term
Porosity
Definition
% of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings, measurement of rocks ability to hold water.
Term
permeability
Definition
capacity of a rock to transmit a fluid such as water through pores and fractures. how easily water flows through it.
Term
saturated zone
Definition
subsurface zonein which all rock openings are filled with water.
Term
water table
Definition
upper surface of the saturated zone
Term
perched water table
Definition
top of a body of ground water separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated, impermeable later.
Term
aquifer
Definition
body of saturdated rock or sediment through which water can move easily. good sites to drill wells.
Term
unconfined/confined aquifers
Definition
unconfined lies above impermeable layer and below water table, confined lies between two permeable layers under pressure.
Term
recharge
Definition
addition of new water to the saturated zone.
Term
cone of depression
Definition
when water is drawn from a well, a depression forms around the wall shaped like a cone.
Term
artesian well
Definition
well in confined aquifer, spouts out of well under pressure.
Term
a spring
Definition
place where water flows naturally from rock onto land surface.
Term
subsidence
Definition
drop in ground level due to groundwater extraction.
Term
caves
Definition
form when slightly acidic water dissolves limestone along joints.
Term
glacier
Definition
large, long-lasting mass of ice, formed on land tha moves under its own weight.
Term
alpine/continental glaciation
Definition
apline= found in mountainous regions,
continental= exists where large parts of continent is covered by glacial ice.
Term
valley glacier
Definition
glacier confined in valley that flows from higher to lower elevation. prevalent in alpine glaciers.
Term
ice sheet
Definition
mass of ice that is not restricted to a valley, covers large area of land (50,000km) associated with continental glaciers.
Term
ice cap
Definition
found in a few mtn highlands, flows downward and outward from a central high point.
Term
ablated
Definition
loss of glacier ice
Term
advancing/receding glaciers
Definition
advancing=positive budgets, growing.
receding= negative budgets, shrinking.
Term
zone of accumulation
zone of ablation
Definition
accumulation= part of glacier with a perennial snow cover at top of glacier.
ablation= where ice is lost at bottom of glacier
Term
equilibrium line (glaciers)
Definition
marks highest point where the glaciers winter snow cover is lost during a melt.
Term
terminus
Definition
lower edge of glacier, moves outward with growth, inward with ablation.
Term
basal sliding
Definition
sliding of glacier as single body over underlying rocks.
Term
plastic flow
Definition
movement that occurs within glacier due to plastic nature of ice itself.
Term
crevasses
Definition
open fissures, broken by tensional forces of plastic flow.
Term
rock flour
Definition
very fine particles of chemically unweathered material.
Term
truncated spur
Definition
ridges that have triangular facets produced by glacial erosion at their lower ends.
Term
cirque
Definition
half-bowl shaped recess carved into a mtn. at the head of a valley by a glacier.
Term
till
Definition
unsorted and unlayered rock debris deposited by glaciers.
Term
moraines
Definition
body of glacial till
Term
outwash
Definition
material deposited by debris-laden meltwater from glaciers, well-sorted.
Term
esker
Definition
outwash feature, debris from streams in glaciers, leavings long snakelike hills.
Term
kettle
Definition
depressions leftover after glaciers melt, accounting for many of the small lakes in the mid west.
Term
fjourd
Definition
coastal inlets carved into by glaciers, leaving erosional peninsulas on coastlines.
Term
desert
Definition
any region with low rainfall
Term
plateau
Definition
broad flat-topped areas elevated above surrounding land and bounded, atleast part by cliffs.
Term
mesa
Definition
erosion of plateau leaving, broad, flat-topped hill bounded by cliffs and capped with resistant rock layetr
Term
butte
Definition
narrow hill of resistant rock with flat top, very steep sides. formed from continual erosion of mesas.
Term
playa lake
Definition
shallow temporarily lasting lakes in desert after a rainstorm. dries up to form a playa, very flat surface underlain by hard mud-cracked clay.
Term
bajada
Definition
broad, gently-sloping depositional surface results from merging alluvial fans
Term
ventifacts
Definition
rocks with flat wind-abraded surfaces.
Term
deflation
Definition
removal of sand silt and clay from surface by wind.
Term
loess
Definition
deposit of wind-blown silt/clay composed of unweathered angular grains.
Term
sand dune
Definition
mounds of loose sand grains heaped up by the wind
Term
slip face
Definition
steep downward slope of a dune.
Term
barchan dunes
Definition
limited sand supply, crescent-shaped w/ steep slip face, horns point downward direction
Term
transverse dunes
Definition
when there is more sand than barchan, relatively straight elongated dune perpendicular to wind direction.
Term
parabolic dune
Definition
similar in shape to barchan dune, except deeply curved and is convex in downward direction. horns point upwind! found inland from ocean beach.
Term
longitudal dunes
Definition
largest type of dune, symmetrical ridge of sand that forms parallel to prevailing wind direction.
Term
wave height
Definition
vertical distance between crest and trough
Term
wave crest & trough
Definition
crest= high point of wave
trough= low point of wave
Term
wavelength
Definition
horizontal distance between 2 wave crests/troughs.
Term
Breaker(waves)
Definition
wave that has become so steep that the crest of wave topples forward
Term
surf
Definition
breakers are collectively called surf
Term
wave refraction
Definition
when waves reach shoreline they slow progressively, causing the wave crest to change directions and become nearly parallel to shoreline.
Term
longshore currents
Definition
waves parallel to shoreline.
Term
rip currents
Definition
narrow currents that flow straight out to sea in surf zone after wave refraction hits shores.
Term
beach
Definition
strip of sediment that extends from low-water line inland to a cliff or zone of permanent vegetation.
Term
beach face
Definition
steepest part of beach, section exposed to wave action.
Term
marine terrace
Definition
broad gently sloping platform that may be exposed at low tide if shore has significant tidal action.
Term
berm
Definition
wave-deposited sediment platform that is flat or slopes slightly landward, usually dry only covered in water during storms.
Term
spit
Definition
finger-like ridge that extends out into open ocean water.
Term
baymouth bar(oceans)
Definition
ridge of sediment that cuts a bay off from the ocean.
Term
coast
Definition
all the land near a sea
Term
stress
Definition
force on a rock, compression/elongation
Term
strain
Definition
change in size(volume) or shape or both, while undergoing stress.
Term
compressive stress
Definition
pushed together or squeezed from opposite directions.
Term
tensional stress
Definition
forces pulling away from one another in opposite directions.
Term
shear stress
Definition
due to forces parallel to one another moving in opposite directions. transform fault boundaries.
Term
elastic limit
Definition
point at which rock will deform permanently.
Term
fault
Definition
fracture in bedrock in which movement takes place.
Term
strike
Definition
strike= compass direction of a line formed by intersection of inclined plate with horizontal plane. North/south.
Term
folds
Definition
bends or wavelike features in layered rocks. shows strain in ductile way
Term
anticline
syncline
Definition
upward arching fold
downward arching fold.
Term
joint
Definition
fracture or crack in bedrock
Term
footwall/hanging wall
Definition
footwall= underlying surface of an inclined fault plane.
hanging wall= overlying surface.
Term
strike-slip fault
Definition
fault where movement is predominantly horizontal and parallel to strike of fault.
Term
seismic waves
Definition
waves of en energy produced by an earthquake.
Term
elastic rebound theory
Definition
theory that explains earthquakes, sudden release of strain along movement of rocks on fault line.
Term
focus(earthquakes)
Definition
point within Earth where seismic waves first originate.
Term
epicenter
Definition
point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.
Term
body waves/surface waves
Definition
body= seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior, spreading outward from focus in all directions.
surface= seismic waves that travel on Earth's surface away from epicenter.
Term
Body wave types:
P waves & S Waves
Definition
P= compressional wave in which rock vibrates back and forth parallel to direction of wave.
S= slower, transverse, secondary wave, travel near surface rocks at 2-5km/sec, vibrates perpendicular. S wave cannot pass through fluid, P wave can.
Term
Love Waves(earthquakes)
Definition
most like S waves, no vertical displacement, ground moves side to side in perpendicular direction to to the wave, do not travel through liquids.
Term
Rayleigh Waves(earthquakes)
Definition
liek rolling ocean waves, very destructive to buildings, produce a lot of ground movement, take awhile to pass.
Term
seismograph
Definition
recording device that produces permanent record of Earth Motion detected by seismometer.
Term
magnitude(quakes)
Definition
measure of energy released during earthquake
Term
richter scale
Definition
a numerical scale of magnitudes
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