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General Principals
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76
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
01/22/2011

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Cards

Term
Adverse Reaction
Definition
Undesirable drug effect
Term
Agonist
Definition
drug that binds with a receptor to produce a thera-peutic response
Term
Agonist (partial)
Definition
agent that binds to a receptor but produces a limited response
Term
Antagonist
Definition
drugs that join with a receptor to prevent the action of an agonist. The therapeutic action in this case is blocking the receptors function.
Term
agonist- antagonist
Definition
drug with both agonist and antagonist properties
Term
Oral drugs go through how many phases? What are they
Definition
3; the pharmaceutic phase, pharmacokinetic phase, and pharmacodynamic phase
Term
Identify the pharmaceutic phase
Definition
the drug dissolves
Term
What occurs during the pharmaceutic phase
Definition
A tablet or capsule ( solid forms of a drug) goes through this phase as it disintegrates into small particles and dissolves into the body fluids in the GI tract. Tablets that have an enteric coating or time- release capsules do not disintegrate until they reach the alkaline environment of the small intestine.
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
refers to activities within the body after a drug is administered.
Term
Identify the pharses during Pharmacokinetics
Definition
absorption-> distribution-> metabolism-> excretion and half-life.
Term
Half-life
Definition
is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body.
Term
Active transport
Definition
cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to one of high con-centration
Term
Passive transport
Definition
no cellular energy is used as the drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ( small molecules diffuse across the cell mem-brane)
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
cells engulf the drug particle ( the cell forms a vesicle to transport the drug into the inner cell)
Term
First-pass effect
Definition
When a drug is passed through small intestine -> liver. Liver may metabolize most before releasing to body. when released into circulation remaining amount may not be enough to produce therapeutic effect. Patient will need higher dose.
Term
Drugs interact with specific receptors during....
Definition
distribution
Term
This part of the circulatory system distributes drugs to various tissues or target sites.
Definition
Systemic circulation
Term
Explain the distribution process
Definition
Dependant upon protien binding, blood flow and solubility. Comes into contact with plasma protien albumin. May or may not bind. If bind, remains pharmacologically inactive until released. Once released (also known as free) produce therapeutic effects.Once released drug difusses into the tissue-> interacts w/ receptor-> therapeutic effect.
Term
Identify the areas where distribution occurs more quickly.
Definition
Areas w/ large blood supply; heart, liver, and kidneys.
Term
Identify the areas where distribution occurs more slowly.
Definition
Internal organs, skin and muscles.
Term
What are the two types of solubility
Definition
Lipid-soluble, water-soluble
Term
True or False
Solubility affects its distribution
Definition
True
Term
True or False
Lipid- soluble drugs do not easily cross the cell membrane
Definition
False, they do
Term
True or False
Water- soluble drugs easily cross the cell membrane
Definition
False, They do not
Term
Metabolism, also called....
Definition
biotransformation
Term
is the process by which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be excreted
Definition
Metabolism
Term
This is the results of a drug after being metabolized and ready for excretion.
Definition
Metabolite
Term
What are most drugs metabolized by?
Definition
liver, although the kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa aid.
Term
Excretion
Definition
the elimination of a drug from the body
Term
Refers to the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug
Definition
Half-life
Term
Knowledge of half-life is important in planning the frequency of dosing. Give an example.
Definition
drugs with a short half- life ( 2 to 4 hours) need to be admin-istered frequently, whereas a drug with a long half- life ( 21 to 24 hours) requires less frequent administration
Term
How often do drugs with a short half-life need to be administered?
Definition
2-4 hours (frequently)
Term
How often do drugs with a long half-life need to be administered?
Definition
21-24 hours (infrequently)
Term
What can cause difficulty in excreting a drug? What can occur with this?
Definition
patients with liver or kidney disease. It increases the half-life and increases the risk of toxicity
Term
What are three important factors when considering a drugs pharmacokinetics
Definition
Onset of action, Peak concentration, Duration of action
Term
Time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic effects.
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action
Definition
C) Onset of action
Term
When absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time o f peak response)
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action
Definition
A) Peak concentraion
Term
length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect.
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action
Definition
B) Duration of action
Term
the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physicological changes
Definition
pharmacodynamics
Term
most drugs have an affinity for certain organs or tissues and exert their greatest action at cellulr level on on those specific areas called
Definition
target sites
Term
A drug exerts its action by two main mechanisms
Definition
1. Alteration in cellular function
2. Alteration in cellular environment
Term
A drug that alters ------ can increase or decrease certain physicological funcitons such as increasing heart rate, decreasing blood pressure, or increasing urine output.
Definition
Alteration in cellular function
Term
Identify the proces of Receptor-Medlated Drug action
Definition
a drug molecule selectivly joins with a reactive site, the receptor, on the surface of a cell. This interaction is a a pharmacologic response.
Term
Name the two types of Receptor-Medlated drug actions
Definition
agonist and antagonist
Term
Agonist
Definition
a drug that binds with a receptor and stimu-lates the receptor to produce a therapeutic response.
Term
There are two types of antagonist, name them.
Definition
competative and noncompetative
Term
What is the function of a competative antagonist?
Definition
It competes witn the agonist for the receptor site.
Term
Can you reverse the effects of a competative antagonist? How?
Definition
Yes, administering a larger dose of an agonist.
Term
What is the function of the noncompetative antagonist?
Definition
The noncompetative antagonists binds with the receptor site and always blocks the effect of the agonist
Term
Can you reverse the effects of a noncompetative antagonist? How?
Definition
No
Term
Explain Receptor-Medlated Drug effect
Definition
The number of available receptor sites influences the effects of a drug.few receptor sites, many available, response will be small. When drug is increased, more receptor sites used, response increases. When only few receptor sites, administer more drug does not mean more response. Some extremely potent drugs are effective even when the drug occupies few receptor sites.
Term
What occurs in the pharmacodynamic phase during alteration in the cellular environment?
Definition
Two changes can occur; physical or chemical.
Term
What happens during physical changes in the cellular environment during the pharmacodynamic phase?
Definition
changes in osmotic pressure, lubrication, absorption, or the conditions on the surface of the cell membrane.
Term
Give an example of a drug that changes osmotic pressure. What happens when this is given?
Definition
mannitol, changes the osmotic pressure in brain cells, causing a reduction in cerebral edema.
Term
Give an example of a drug that alters it's cellular environment by lubrication is....
Definition
sunscreen.
Term
Give an example of a drug that acts by altering absorption. How is it administered and how does it work?
Definition
Charcoal, it is given orally and absorbs the toxin ingested in the GI tract.
Term
is an example of a drug that acts by altering the surface of the cellular mem-brane. It has emulsifying and lubricating activity that lowers the surface tension in the cells of the bowel, permit-ting water and fats to enter the stool.
Definition
Stool softener
Term
Give an example of a stool softener.
Definition
Docusate
Term
Chemical changes in the cellular environment include..
Definition
inactivation of cellular function, or alteration of the chemical components of body fluid, such as pH.
Term
Give an example of a chemical change in the cellular environment
Definition
antacids neutralize gastric acidity in patients with peptic ulcers. Cancer drugs incorporate themselves into the normal metabolic processes if the cell and cause a defective final product.
Term
Identify the 5 catagories for controlled substances
Definition
Schedule I, II, II, IV, V
Term
Define Schedule I of controlled substances and give examples.
Definition
1) High abuse potential 2) Lack of accepted saftey, not approved for medical us in the US. Ex: heoin, maijuana, ecstasy, peyote
Term
Define Schedule II of controlled substances and give examples.
Definition
1)Potential for high abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence. 2) Approved for medical use. Ex: opiods such as meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, and cocaine
Term
Define Schedule III of controlled substances and give examples.
Definition
1) Less abuse potential as Schedule II 2) Potential for moderate physical and psychological dependence and approved for use in the US. Ex: anabolic steriods, ketamine, hydrocodone/codeine compounded with nonsterdoidal anti-infalmmatory
Term
Define Schedule IV of controlled substances and give examples.
Definition
1) LEss abuse potential than Sched III. 2) Limited dependence potential and approved in US. Ex: Some sedative, anxiety agents, nonopioid anaglesics, "diet drugs"
Term
Define Schedule V of controlled substances and give examples.
Definition
1)Limited abuse potential and approved by the US. Ex: small amount of opioid (codeine) used as antitussives or anti diarrheals, pregabalin (Lyrica)
Term
Identify the 5 catagories of drug use during pregnancy
Definition
Catagory A, B, C, D, X
Term
Define Pregnancy Catagory A
Definition
Adequate, well- controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy.
Term
Define Pregnancy Catagory B
Definition
 Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus; however, there are no adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. OR  Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester.
Term
Define Pregnancy Catagory C
Definition
 Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. OR  No animal studies have been conducted and there are no ade-quate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women.
Term
Pregnancy Catagory D
Definition
 Adequate well- controlled or observational studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus.  However, potential benefits may outweigh the risk to the fetus. If needed in a life- threatening situation or a serious dis-ease, the drug may be acceptable if safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.
Term
Pregnancy Catagory X
Definition
 Adequate well- controlled or observational studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks.  The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.
Term
What is the best rule of thumb with regards for prescriptions for pregnant women
Definition
Regardless of the pregnancy category or the presumed safety of the drug, no drug should be administered during pregnancy unless it is clearly needed and the potential benefits outweigh potential harm to the fetus.
Term
Define drug idiosyncracy
Definition
used to describe any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug.
Term
Define drug tolerance
Definition
a decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve desired effect.
Term
Define cumulative drug effect.
Definition
when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given.
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