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General Pathology Chapter 1
Robbins and Contran Pathology
65
Pathology
Graduate
08/30/2011

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Term
Pathogenesis definition
Definition
the mechanism of disease development
Term
metaplasia definition
Definition
change to a different type of cell
Term
Most common type of Cell Death
Definition
Necrosis
Term
Characteristics of Necrosis
Definition
Cell Swelling/rupture
degeneration and coagulation of proteins
breakdown of organelles
Term
characteristics of apoptosis
Definition
cell shrinkage
chromatin condensation and fragmentation
Term
Prostate type of growth
Definition
hyperplasia
Term
most common type of metaplasia
Definition
squamous metaplasia
Term
squamous metaplasia
Definition
squamous epithelium replaces specialized columnar epithelium
allows for hardier lining but disadvantage is an increase in mucous secretion
Term
Barret's Esophagus
Definition
squamous to columnar metaplasia
caused by gastric reflux
increased risk of adenocarcinoma
Term
First finding in almost all forms of cell injury
Definition
cellular swelling
"hydropic change" or "vacuolar degeneration"
Term
Myelin Figures
Definition
distortion of lipid membrane seen in reversible cell injury
Term
Necrosis Definition
Definition
denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells with irreversible injury (both autolysis and digestive enzymes of inflammatory cells)
Term
microscopic visible changes of necrotic cells
Definition
-increased eosinophilia
-glassy homogenous appearance due to loss of glycogen particles
-myelin figures
-vacuolated cytoplasm
-calcification possible
Term
Nuclear Degeneration seen in Necrosis
Definition
pyknosis-->karryohexis-->karyolysis
Term
When do you see liquefactive necrosis?
Definition
In the brain due to hypoxic death, certain bacterial or fungal infections
Term
caseous necrosis
Definition
amorphous granular debris with granulomatous inflammation...looks like cheese, typical of TB infection
Term
Saponification
Definition
fatty acids+calcium
Term
Fibrinoid necrosis
Definition
complexes of antigens and antibodies
see in some immune reactions involving blood vessels
Term
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
Definition
non-selective pore in the inner membrane of mitochondria
composed of cyclophilin D
allows leakage of apoptosis-inciting enzymes (e.g. cytochrome C)
Term
What damage can Iron and Copper do?
Definition
can donate or accept free electrons and catalyze free radical formation
Term
glutathione peroxidase
Definition
an important indicator of a cell's ability to detoxify itself of reactive oxygen species
Term
superoxide dismutase
Definition
converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide
Term
Where do ROS attack membranes?
Definition
attack the double bonds (of unsaturated fatty acids)
Term
What is the most common cause of ischemia?
Definition
Obstruction in the arterial system
Term
Which is worse, ischemia or hypoxia?
Definition
Ischemia, because tissue is injured more quickly than from hypoxia alone. (substrates for glycolysis cut-off and metabolite accumulation)
Term
What is the basis for reperfusion injury?
Definition
ROS generated, inflammation leads to complement activation
Term
Direct cytotoxic effect of Mercury
Definition
mercury binds to the sulfhydryl groups of the cell membrane
Term
What if there is a DNA damage due to a minor insult? to a sustained or severe insult?
Definition
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
Term
What happens to the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells?
Definition
it remains intact
Term
What happens to the DNA of an apoptotic cell?
Definition
DNA aggregates peripherally under the nuclear membrane (most characteristic feature, NOT pykonosis, karyohexis, kayolysis as in necrosis)
Term
Phosphatidylserine
Definition
"eat me" signal of an apoptotic cell
Term
Bcl2
Definition
stops apoptosis
Term
bax, bak
Definition
pro-apoptotic
Term
What does cytochrome c bind to in the cytosol?
Definition
Apaf-1 (mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis)
Term
Which caspase is utilized in mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis?
Definition
caspase-9
Term
What are the two best known death receptors?
Definition
type 1 TNF and Fas receptor
Term
What is the mechanism of fas receptor?
Definition
1. bind fas ligand
2. creating a binding site for FADD
3. Pro-caspase-8 converts to caspase-8
4. Amplification of caspase-8
Term
What is FLIP?
Definition
binds to pro-caspase-8 to prevent cell death
Term
Apoptosis after growth factor deprivation is always triggered by...
Definition
intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway
Term
p53
Definition
a tumor suppressor gene, induces apoptosis if cell is unable to be repaired
Term
What would a mutation of Fas or Fas ligand do?
Definition
One major clinical result is autoimmune disease
Term
Does TNF promote or inhibit apoptosis?
Definition
Both. (it can activate nuclear factor kB (NF-kB))
Term
perforin
Definition
located on cytotoxic T cells, forms a pore through the membrane
Term
granzymes
Definition
proteases from CTLs that cleave protein and activate cellular caspases
Term
Why would a cell perform autophagy?
Definition
nutrient deprivation
Term
What stains are used to see fat?
Definition
oil red O and sudan IV
Term
What does accumulation of cholestorol in the arteries cause?
Definition
atherosclerosis
Term
xanthoma definition
Definition
benign tumor in the subepithelial connective tissue of skin and tendons made of CLUSTERS OF FOAMY MACROPHAGES filled with cholesterol
Term
cholesterolosis
Definition
cholesterol-laden macrophages in the lamina propria of the gall bladder
Term
Niemann-Pick disease, type C
Definition
lysosomal storage disorder that causes cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs
Term
Russel Bodies
Definition
are eosinophilic, large, homogenous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions usually found in a plasma cell undergoing excessive synthesis of immunoglobulin
Term
Where is vimentin found?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
Mallory Bodies
Definition
keratin containing inclusions often found in the liver do to alcohol abuse
Term
What would excessive glycogen appear like in a cell?
Definition
clear vacuoles
Term
anthracosis
Definition
blackened lungs
Term
lipofuscin
Definition
made of polymers of lipid and phopholipid complexed with proteins, sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation...AGING PIGMENT
Term
homogentisic acid
Definition
found in alkaptonuria patients, black pigment
Term
Ochronisis
Definition
black pigment deposition in skin, connective tissue, and cartilage
Term
Hemosiderin
Definition
major storage form of iron
Term
what is a bruise?
Definition
localized hemosiderosis
Term
What accounts for the colors of a bruise?
Definition
Red-blue: hemoglobin
Green-blue: biliverdin
Golden yellow: hemosiderin
Term
Bilirubin
Definition
end product of degraded heme, basis for jaundice
Term
dystrophic calcification
Definition
occurs locally in dying tissue
Term
metastatic calcification
Definition
deposition in normal, healthy tissue (renal failure e.g b/c of secondary hyperparathyroidism do to phophate retention)
Term
Werner syndrome
Definition
rare disease characterized by symptoms of premature aging, DNA helicase problem (allows rapid accumulation of chromosomal damage)
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