Shared Flashcard Set

Details

General Chemistry
Post Exam 2
42
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
05/18/2007

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Complex Ion with a CN of 4
Definition
Tetrahedral or Square Planar
Term
Complex Ion with CN of 6
Definition
Octahedral
Term
Complex Ion with a CN of 2
Definition
Linear.
Requires sp hybridization.
Term
Ligand
Definition
Lewis Base
Term
Metal ion-ligand interaction
Definition
Lewis acid-base interaction. The ligand donates a lone pair of electrons to an empty orbital on the metal ion to form a coordinate covalent bond.
Term
Low spin
Definition
Yeilds the minimum number of unpaired electrons (fills up the t2g orbitals before jumping to the eg orbitals) as a result of a large delta-o. aka strong-field case.
Term
High-spin case
Definition
Yeilds the maximum number of unpaired electrons (puts an electron in all orbitals before pairing any) as a result of a small delta-o. aka weak-field case.
Delta-o is less than the energy needed to pair electrons so they stay unpaired as long as possible.
Term
Spectrochemical series
Definition
Goes from small delta-o to large delta-o, therefore high spin to low spin. The ligands are arranged in order of increasing delta-o values, or their ability to produce d-orbital splitting.

I- < Br- < Cl- < F- < OH- < H2O < NH3 < en < CN-
Term
3d M +2 compounds are ___ spin
Definition
High spin
Term
3m M +3 compounds are ___ spin
Definition
high spin for delta-o < H20 or NH3 and low spin for higher delta-o
Term
4d/5d compounds are ___ spin
Definition
low spin
Term
What is a complex?
Definition
Positive polyatomic ion.
Polar-covalent bond between a transition metal (Lewis Acid) and a ligand (Lewis Base).
Term
Tetrahedral
Definition
d0 metals, ligands that form double bonds, and larger ligands.
sp3 hybridization is required.
Always produce high spin.
Term
Octahedral
Definition
is most common for all transition metals
Term
Square planar
Definition
most common for d8 metals.
dsp2 hybridization is required.
Term
Geometric isomer
Definition
Same formula, different ligand arrangement around the metal atom. Type of stereoisomerism. Same bonds, just different spatial arrangements.
Have different physical and chemical properties.
Term
How do transition metals get their color?
Definition
Comes from the absorption of some visible frequencies to provide energy for moving electrons between "d-like" MOs. delta-o = 12-30 k/cm
Term
What is the trend for delta-o for metals?
Definition
delta-o increases down columns and with increasing oxidation state
Term
What is the trend for delta-o for ligands?
Definition
delta-o increases from strong acids like I-, Br- to H2O, NH3 and then ends with CN-, aka the spectrochemical series
Term
t2g set
Definition
dxz, dyz, dxy orbitals are nonbonding orbitals. Those which lobes point "in between" the point charges and are thus lower in energy in the octahedral complex than dz^2 and dx^2-y^2. This is the splitting of the d-like MOs that explains the color and magnetism of complex ions for 3d TMs. The splitting leads to delta-o which then determines if it is high spin or low spin.
Term
How do the TMs get their color and magnetism?
Definition
The splitting of the d-like MOs that explains the color and magnetism of complex ions for 3d TMs. The splitting leads to delta-o which then determines if it is high spin or low spin.
Term
TM (Lewis Acid) plus a LIGAND (Lewis Base) is a
Definition
Coordination Compound or Complex, a polar covalent bond in direction M+---L-
Term
eg set
Definition
dz^2, dx^2-y^2 point at the ligands and therefore are bonding and anti-boings sigma MOs.
Term
neutral transition metal + organic ligand =
Definition
H2O insoluble
Term
Magnetism is determined by
Definition
the energy needed to pair 2 electrons in the same orbital. Both high-spin and low-spin are possible for d4-7 metals.
Term
Transition metals in the body serve 3 different functions.
Definition
1-electron carriers (>1 oxidation state)
2-oxygen carriers (>1 coordination number)
3-catalysts/enzymes (organisms must be carried out near STP, can't have too much variation in delta-H)
Term
Which transition metals are the most abundant?
Definition
3d are >> than 4d or 5d. Fe is the most abundant 3d element and is used most biologically while Mo is the most abundant 4d/5d.
Term
carbohydrate + O2 --->
Definition
CO2 + H2O
Term
Brackets [ ] indicate atoms are
Definition
within the covalently-bonded silicate network. Other atoms outside the brackets are ions there to balance the silicate charge.
Term
C forms single bonds with ___. With all bonds single, it is ___ hybridized, a ___ in shape
Definition
C, H, N, O, S, Cl; sp3; tetrahedral
Term
C forms double bonds with ___, is ___ hybridized, and ___ in shape
Definition
C, N, O, S; sp2, trigonal planar
Term
C forms triple bonds with ___, is ___ hybridized, and ___ in shape
Definition
C, N; sp; linear
Term
Which carbon bonds are reactive?
Definition
carbon double and triple bonds. C-C bonds and C-H bonds are unreactive
Term
Alkanes
Definition
saturated hydocarbons; only form single bonds.
Carbon will always be sp3, tetrahedral, so NO alkane is planar.
Unreactive at STP.
Will chlorinate or oxidize at high temp.
Term
Alkenes
Definition
Unsaturated hydrocarbons; have a C=C double bond.
More reactive as it is electron rich.
Trigonal planar, sp2.
If has different groups attached, geometric isomer.
Term
Alcohols (ROH)
Definition
good solvents for polar and nonpolar molecules.
High bp and water solubility (polarity, h bonding).
Liquids up to C12.
With strong reductants and bases, act like H2O.
With acids, substitution.
Term
Aldehydes (RCH=O) and Ketones (R2C=O)
Definition
water-soluble
lengthen C chain, important for building up large molecules
Term
Carboxilic Acid (RC(=O)OH)
Definition
weak acids in water
high bp (high polarity, h bond)
can convert to esters (RCo2R') or amides (RCONHR')
Term
Amines (RNH2, R2NH)
Definition
weak acids in water
lower bp than O compounds
Term
Amino Acids [RCH9(NH2)Co2H]
Definition
high melting point as solids
conduct electricity as liquids
high dipole moments
not acidic or basic in water
polymerize to give proteins by elimination of H2O, forming a peptide (amide) bond
Supporting users have an ad free experience!