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Gastro FINAL
COVASA
142
Medical
Not Applicable
03/07/2012

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Term
Starch (polysaccharide) serves as
Definition
as our most important source of calories
Term
Amylose is
Definition
straight-chain polymer
Term
Amylopectin is
Definition
branched-chain polymer
Term
Most abundant monosaccharide in diet
Definition
glucose followed by galactose
Term
Major dietary disaccharides are
Definition
glucose followed by galactose
Term
dietary disaccharides
Definition
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)
Term
Galactose is present in diet
Definition
as milk lactose (disaccharide: galactose + glucose)
Term
FIBER
Definition
Polysaccharides with beta 1,4 linked glucose polymers like cellulose are indigestible
Term
Digestion of starch occurs in two phases
pahse 1--LUMEN PHASE
Definition
Lumen phase starts with salivary amylase and completed by pancreatic amylase.
work best at neutral PH
Amylase digests internal alpha 1,4 linked glucose of amylopectin/amylose
Term
Digestion of starch occurs in two phases
Phase 2--Brush border
Definition
Brush border phase takes the oligomers and completes digestion to monosaccharides

directly on the surface
Term
Brush Boarder hydrolases
Definition
Sucrase-----> glucose and fructose
Lactase----> GLucse and Galactose
Term
Lactase
Definition
Severe reduction is levels of lactase results in lactose intolerance with symptoms of malabsorption

Quantity of lactase is limited and it declines with age
Term
SGLT1 (sodium symporter)
Definition
Glucose and galactose actively taken up by SGLT1 (sodium symporter)
Term
GLUT5 facilitated transporter
Definition
Fructose taken up by GLUT5 facilitated transporter
Term
GLUT2 facilitated transporter
Definition
All three traverse basolateral membrane via GLUT2 facilitated transporter
Term
ESSENTIALS—PVT TIM HALL
Definition
P=phenyl
V=valine
T=threonine

T=Tryptophan
I-ISoluecine
M-meth

H-HIS
A-
L-LYS
L-LEU-
Term
COMPLETE proteins
Definition
Proteins from animal sources are considered “complete” containing all essential amino acids
Term
Dietary proteins undergo a luminal and brush border digestive phase

Luminal phase
Definition
1-Gastric phase: pepsin activation at low pH, preferentially cleaves at neutral amino

2-2. Intestinal phase: digestion completed by proteases secreted by pancreas
a. Secreted trypsinogen is cleaved by enterokinase (enteropeptidase) on duodenal epithelium to active trypsin
Term
Brush Boarder phase of protein
Definition
b. Brush border phase of protein degradation
1. Incomplete digestion of proteins requires large number of brush border hydrolases
-->50% of ingested protein digested and absorbed in duodenum
Term
Major lipolytic enzymes are secreted in pancreatic juice
Definition
pancreatic lipase, colipase, cholesterol esterase and phospholipase A2

lipase requires bicarb secretion for neutral ph
Term
Release of CCK triggered by Increase in duodenal fatty acids
Causes
Definition
1- increased secertion of pancreatic enzymes
2-relaxation of ODDI
3-Contracts the gallbladder
4-bile increase surface area of oil droplet
Term
Most active in fat absorption
Definition
Duodenum and jejunum are most active in fat absorption
-----Lymph vessels deliver chylomicrons to systematic circulation via thoracic duct
Term
Bile salt recovered
Definition
Bile salts recovered by Na-bile salt symporter and diffusion in terminal ileum

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) suspended in micelles to diffuse through brush border
Term
water absorption
Definition
small intestine 7 liters-- greatest

large 1.7 liters---least

Sodium absorption highest in jejunum (more than half) by SGLT1
Term
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) Cl- channel is present on the luminal
Definition
Cl- channel defective in cystic fibrosis
Term
inflammatory mediators enhance secretion
Definition
a. Histamine is effective stimulant to chloride secretion while inhibiting bicarbonate secretion
b. Prostaglandins stimulating both chloride and bicarbonate secretion
Term
direct innervation
Definition
Submucosal neurons release ACh and VIP to stimulate secretion
Term
Regulated absorption of calcium at duodenum and jejunum
Definition
b. Bound to brush border by intestinal membrane calcium-binding protein
c.Cytosolic calcium binds to calbindin or bound in vesicles
d.Transport of calcium across the basolateral membrane:
1. Ca+-ATPase
2. Na+-Ca+ antiporter
3.Exocytosis of calcium containing vesicles
e.Vitamin D enhances transport of calcium into and out of cell
Term
Iron absorption
Definition
Individual with deficient acid secretion in stomach has difficulty in absorbing iron

Transport involves a iron binding protein principally in duodenum
Term
Lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Definition
**a. Lipid-soluble vitamins diffuse passively through brush border

All lipid-soluble forms depend on micellular solubility by bile salts
Term
B12 absorption
Definition
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) absorption requires intrinsic factor (produced by parietal cells in stomach)
1-Intrinsic factor (IF) binds strongly with cobalamin
B12 and Intrisic factor absorbed in distal ILLEUM (Receptors for IF-B12 complex in distal ileum)
a.inside enterocyte B12 binds to transcobalamin II
b.in this form enters the portal blood
Term
Bile acid malabsorption
Definition
Symptoms of loss of lipid-soluble vitamins

Fall in bile levels below critical concentration for micelle formation
Term
Lactose intolerance
Definition
1. Developmental decline in lactase  undigested disaccharides
2. In colon, bacteria degrade lactose leading to abdominal pain and bloating
Term
small intestine
Definition
duodenum - 8 inch
jejunum- 8 feet
**** Ileum longest 12 foot
Term
Specialized adaptations of the mucosa
----increase surface area
Definition
a. circular folds (valvulae conniventes) – the inner surface of the small intestine is thrown into these valve-like folds that serve to increase the surface area approximately three-fold

greatest in the Jejuni
Term
crypts of Lieberkühn
Definition
sites for mitosis--> shollow invaginations
Term
Tubular glands located at the base of intestinal villi = crypts of Lieberkuhn
Definition
1-isotonic alkaline secretion
2-paneth cells--- kill bacteria (zymogens)
Term
cholera toxin
Definition
b. Chloride secretion becomes excessive in response to cholera toxin
1.Binds Gs protein resulting in massive increase in cAMP
cAMP pathways leading to opening of CFTR chloride channel
Term
sm intestine motlity
Definition
I. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) generates pacemaker rhythm (slow wave) to unitary smooth muscle connected by gap junctions.

Segmentation: the primary mode of motility occurring within the small intestine that serves to mix and slowly propel the chyme.
Term
sm intestine motlity
Definition
i. Parasympathetic stimulation enhances segmentation, whereas sympathetic stimulation attenuates such activity.

– gastrin released in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach can elicit segmentation in the empty ileum via the gastroileal reflex.
Term
Migrating motility complex (MMC):
Definition
during the fasting state

process sweeping the remnants of the previous meal and other mucosal debris toward the cecum. MMCs are regulated by the GI hormone motilin
Term
secretion
Definition
Submucossa--
Messners
VIP released from efferent, submucosal nerve endings increases secretion. Vagal stimulation also causes a modest increase in secretion.
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
non gap metabolic acidosis
due to the rapid loss of HCO
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
i. hypermotility – usually triggered by local irritation of the gut wall, infection or pronounced emotional stress.
Term
DIarrhea
Definition
ii. hypertonicity – an excess of osmotically active particles present in the lumen, such as that observed with lactase deficiency or decreased absorption of bile salts
Term
gluten enteropathy – an autoimmune disease
Definition
intestinal T cells over express the MHC class II antigens HLA-DR3 and can mount an inflammatory allergic response to exposure to gluten,
Term
c. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - the elevated gastrin levels and resultant hypersecretion of gastric acid lowers the pH of the chyme entering the duodenum
Definition
MEN -1
pituitary
pancrease-- makes gastrin
parotid
Term
Intestinal colic
Definition
Caused by a localized obstruction of the small intensine
1-causing a rise in luminal pressure and smooth muscle tension
Term
Primary function of Large intestine
Definition
reclaim water from intestinal contents and process feces
Term
taeniae coli
Definition
three long bands of longitudinal muscle
Term
haustra
Definition
Circular muscle contracts intermittently to divide colon into segments
Term
longitudinal muscles predominate
Definition
Longitudinal muscle dominates in sigmoid colon and rectum
Term
Internal and external anal sphincters control the passage of feces
Definition
3. 70-80% of tone from internal anal sphincter
4. Rapid distention of the rectum relaxes the internal sphincter (decrease to 40% tone) leaving external sphincter to compensate
Term
primary mode of motility of the colon
Definition
1. Haustral contractions (haustrations): The primary mode of motility of the colon. These contractions are slow and nonpropulsive, and serve to help maximize the exposure of the luminal contents to the absorptive surfaces of the colonic mucosa.
Term
2. Mass action contractions (mass movements): These powerful contractions occur 3-4 times daily, and are associated with simultaneous contractions over large, confluent segments of the ascending and transverse colon
Definition
mass action contractions are regulated primarily by the gastrocolic reflex evoked by the entry of food into the stomach, which stimulates the release of gastrin and increases the excitability of the colonic smooth muscle
Term
The gastroileal reflex
Definition
moves the luminal contents remaining in the distal small intestine into the large intestine
Term
gastrocolic reflex
Definition
gastrocolic reflex moves the colonic contents into the rectum--
The gastrocolic reflex is triggered during the gastric regulatory phase of gastric secretion and is partly mediated by gastrin action on colonic smooth muscle.
Term
aganglionic megacolon, or Hirschsprung’s disease
Definition
characterized by the conspicuous absence of nerve cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the distal colon.
Term
LEPTIN
Definition
Made by ADIPOSE CELLS--Leptin circulates at levels proportional to body fat.
Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain where it inhibits appetite
ob/ob-- are homozygotes mutations--causing hyperphagia and severly obesity in children
Term
POMC--pro-opiomelanocortin
Definition
stimulates Alpha MSH
stimulates ACTH
Mutations in this gene causes moderate obseity in early childhood, adrenal insuff, red hair
Term
MC4R---Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Definition
Severe hyperphagia, massive obesity in early childhood
Term
meal initiation
Definition
little evidnece that meal initiation is controlled by metabolic or hormone signals
Term
meal cessation
Definition
compelling evidence that meal cessation and meal size is controlled by preabsorptive gut signals
Term
normal lateral hypothal nucl
Definition
fat kids cant play soccer, so they sit on the bench.. thats lateral..

if they get a brain lesion.. then they will be skinny and can play
Term
normal medial hypothal
Definition
skinny kids play soccer in the middle of the field
Term
Taste Signals!
Definition
1-receptors in the taste buds recive signals
2- ion channels cause depolarization
3- neuro transmitters onto sensory axon
Term
hormones that INCREASE food INTAKE
Definition
NEUROPEPTIDE Y
GHRELIN
Term
neuropeptide Y
Definition
increases food intake
released from adipose tissue

site of action---Paraventricular nuc of hypothal
Term
Ghrelin-only OREXOGENIC hormone released by gut
Definition
increases food intake
released from ARC and stomach

increase food intake
increase intestinal motlility
stimulate GH
Term
GLP-1
Glucagon like peptide 1
Definition
released from L (like)CELLS of sm and lrg intestine

decrease food intake
decrease intestinal motlity
potentiator of INSULIN SECRETION
Term
HEP A
Definition
FECAL ORAL--- WHAT you ATE and What you EAT
Pico virus,naked Icosahedral virions, +ssRNA
“non-cytolytic” --> TYPE III Immune
Term
HEP A serology
Definition
Serological test ing (ELISA) looking for the presence of antibodies against the virus. IgM during the acute infection and IgG upon recovery.

IGM FOR A INFECTED.. MANIC They have acute infection..IgM anti-HAV
IGM pos is after 2 weeks of infection..

IgG pos at anytime IMMUNE, protected.. Eiother from past infection or vaccination.. G GET OVER IT
Term
HEP B
Definition
ONLY DNA HEPATITIS VIRUS---
partial DS DNA virus --uses reverse transciptase
---Enveloped
non cystolytic
Term
HEP B healthy carrier
Definition
Healthy carrier state is indicated by positive HBsAg (hep B surface antigen) >6 months
Term
HEP B past infection/IMMUNITY
Definition
surface (HBsAb) =surface antibody
past exposure or immunity from vaccination
Term
HEP B extra hepatic
Definition
Poly arteritis--> Extrahepatic manifestation is because of type III hypersensitivity reactions.
small artery have eosinophil invasion
Term
IgM antibody to Hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc):
Definition
Positivity indicates recent infection with HBV (≤6 months). Its presence indicates acute infection
Term
core antibody (HBcAb) IgG=
Definition
exposure, not protective,
Term
Core antibody IgM =
Definition
acute infection (WINDOW peroid)
Term
Chronic Hep B
Definition
If inflammation persist for >6 months
HBeAg or HBsAg will stay positive.
Term
chronich HEP B
Definition
Leads to cirrhosis and HEPATOCELLUAR CARCINOMA
Term
Patho for Appendicitis
Definition
Luminal Obstruction
Fecalith
Enlarge Lymphoid follicles
Tumors
Term
McBurney’s Point
Definition
1/3 the distance from the Iliac Crest to the Umbilicus

2/3 from the umbilicus

retro appendic in pregos
Term
appendix imaging
Definition
CT-Scan with Oral and IV Contrast has the highest
sensitivity and specificity >92%
Term
appendicitis imaging results
Definition
include a diameter greater than 6 mm, thickened wall with
enhancement, periappendiceal fat stranding, and appendicolith.
An air-filled appendix on CT essentially excludes acute
appendicitis.
Term
appendic complications
Definition
Perforation-->Peritonitis
Abscess or Phlegmon
Phlegmon--is a spreading diffuse inflammatory process with formation of suppurative/purulent exudate or pus
SEPSIS
Term
diverticula
Definition
acquired herniations of the colonic mucosa and submucosa thro the muscularis propria--most commonly in the sigmoid colon
Term
diverticula
Definition
1) elevated intra-luminal pressures.. usually where the vasa recta penetrate the muscularis propria.. between the teania coli
2)Colonic wall changes---collagen less
3)Change in bowel flora
4)NSAIDS--->PERFORATION
Term
diverticula
Definition
sigmoid has a small radius that causes an increase in transmural pressure.. law of laplace
Term
acute diverticulitis
Definition
results from erosionf of the divertucil due to increase wall pressure or inspissated food....which results from the perforation of a diverticulum, can also have hemorrhage from the vasarecta
Term
acute diverticulitis
Definition
perforation of the diverticulum, resulting in inflammation to feculent peritonitis
---LLQ pain
---FEVER
---Leukocytosis
Term
diverticulitis imaging
Definition
CT with CONTRAST is currently the radiograph of choice
Term
DIverticuLITIS
Definition
Metronidazole and cipro/or amoxicillin
for 7-10 days

high fiber
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
Lipase is more sensitive for acute pancreatits
Term
pancreatitis
Definition
CT with CONTRAST
MRCP

head of Panc is retroperitoneal the tail is not
Term
Ca on pancreatits is patho for
Definition
Chronic pancreatitis
Term
acute pancreatitis patho
Definition
1- pancreatic duct obstruction
2-primary acinar cell injury
GET SMASHED
Gallstone
ETOH
Trauma
TRIG-- greater than 1000
Term
acute vs chronic
Definition
Acute--- complete resolution
Chronic---fibrosis of acinar cell loss
pancreatic insuff--Steatorhea
endocrine---TYPE 1 DM
Term
severe acute pancreatits
Definition
1)end organ failure present
2) PSEuDOCYST-->A pseudocyst was defined as a collection of pancreatic fluid enclosed by a nonepithelialized wall
Term
most common cause of small bowel obstruction
Definition
60% adhesions (extrinsic...surgery)
Term
Cullen sign (periumbilical ecchymoses) and Grey Turner sign (flank ecchymoses)
Definition
are rare but can be seen in cases of acute pancreatitis with hemorrhage and are associated with increased mortality.
Term
imaging for pancreatitis
Definition
Contrast-enhanced CT is the single most important test in
diagnosing acute pancreatitis, determining its severity, and
assessing for complications
Term
Define Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)
Definition
Elevated ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) count > 250 cells/mL
Term
PBP(primary bacterial peritonitis).
Definition
Develops in patients who have ascites and a perforated viscus, as in ruptured diverticulitis and appendicitis.
Ascitic albumin >1.0 g/dL. (3g expected) HIGH LEVELS
Glucose concentration <50 g/dL;
Ascitic fluid wbc> 5000 PMNs/mL;
Polymicrobial-
Term
SBP--patho
Definition
Dysfunctino of the Reticulendothelial cells—KUPPER CELLS
Term
SBP Treat with
Definition
Cefotaxime/third generation cephalosporin X 5d.
Primary--- prevention.. Give norloxacin before SBP
Prophylactic use of antibiotics ( e.g norfloxacin) if previous episode of SBP for lifetime.
Term
Cirrhosis of liver--
Definition
A and A (ASTERIXIS and ACITES) plus
2 labs Prothrombin increase INR and low albumin
Term
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)---
Definition
(Flaviviridae)
enveloped, +ssRNA virus
HCV infects liver cells and lymphocytes
spread of virus throughout body
HCV interrupts apoptotic signals via cytokines (TNFa; IFNa)
Term
HCV genotype
Definition
Genotype 1 (most common in the US) requires 48 weeks of therapy
Less response to standard treatment (RESISTANT)
Interferon and rivaVIRON and protease inhibitor (3 drugs)

Genotypes 2 and 3 require 24 weeks and have much higher response rate
Term
HCV pathogenesis & Dx
Definition
Most common blood borne infection.
HCV RNA to confirm positive tests for anti-HCV
Term
HEP C– 20% rule
Definition
-20% of exposed have resolution spontaneously
-20% develop cirrhoses
-20% end stage-> Hepatocellular CARCINOMA
Term
Portal hypertension
Definition
the resistance to portal flow(fibrosis causes increased resistance) at the level of sinusoids
--. Vasodilaton of SPLANCHNIC -->The three major arteries that supply the splanchnic organs, celiac and superior and inferior mesenteric
$$$Difference of portal and hepatic veins-->more than 6 is portal HTN
Term
Portal htn varices
Definition
1- esophageal---more important to bleeding (celiac artery)
2-internal hemorrhoids (inferior MA)
3- Capul Medusea-- Collaterals (SUPerior MA)
Term
Diagnostic tests for ascites
Definition
Paracentesis
SAAG (serum to ascites albumin gradient) >1.1 g/dL
Urine electrolytes (LOW NA <10 and HIGH K >30 in URINE)
Ultrasound of abdomen
Term
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
Definition
Portal Vein link to hepatic Vein

is an artificial connection (stent) in the liver made between the lower pressure hepatic vein (which transports blood from the liver back to the heart) and the higher pressure portal vein (transports blood from the gastrointestinal tract)
Term
esophageal varices managment
Definition
1- IV OCTERORITE– somatostatin analot– VASOCONSTRICTION for first few days
2- Endoscopy within 12 hrs and LIGATE or sclerotherapy ligation is superior treatment
3-antibiotic– prevent infection from bleeding or proceedure

prphylax with nonselective beta blocker--propanolol
Term
mallory weiss tear
Definition
MUCOSAL TEAR at the JUNCTION Of THE ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH
Term
decompensated cirrhosis--hepatic failure
Definition
fetor hepaticus, asterixis and mental status change leads to diagnosis of hepatic failure in patient with cirrhosis.

fetor hepaticus--> body/breath odor musty that is due to GI bacteria on SULFER containing aminos---methionine
Term
encephalopathy/asterixis
Definition
ammiona is not filtered and enters the systemic circulation.

Increases Glutamine leves causes the changes-->cerebral edema/astrocyte edema and increase GABA
Term
encephalopathy
Definition
Hepatic encephalopathy is manifested by a spectrum of disturbances in consciousness, ranging from subtle behavioral abnormalities, to marked confusion and stupor, to deep coma and death.
signs-- hyperreflexia and asterixis

reversible
Term
Acute Cholecystitis
Definition
A “syndrome” of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and leukocytosis
Term
PATHOGENESIS OF CHOLESTEROL GALL STONES
2 types
Cholesterol 80%
Calcium bilirubinate 20%
Definition
Supersaturation of the bile with cholesterol, or deceased bile salts
High cholesterol with precipitate and make stones..
Term
Biliary pain
Definition
gallbladder---ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

COMMON BILE DUCT--CHOLANGITS
Term
acute acalculous choleycystitis
Definition
Gall bladder edema and murphy sign without gallstones

give antibiotics and wait-burn pts and immunocompromised
Term
common gallbladder duct obstruction
DX TX
Definition
ERCP---DX of CHOICE FOR COMMMON GALLBLADDER DUCT
THIS IS BOTH DX AND THERAPUETIC

endoretrocholeangioPancreatic graphy
Term
crohns
Definition
Crohn's--- NOD2/CARD15 on chromosome 16 and IL23R on chromosome 1

dysregulated or inappropriate immune response to flora tolerated by healthy individuals
loss of tight junctions
Term
ulcerative risk factors
Definition
Ulcers are so terrible lets get cancer, smoke a ton and get ur appendix removed
Term
crohns
Definition
---The TH1 cytokine pathway is initiated by IL-12, a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation.
---Trans mural inflammation-
---TH1 cells induce transmural granulomatous inflammation
Term
ulcerative colitis
Definition
TH2 cells, and related natural killer T cells that secrete IL-13 induce superficial mucosal inflammation
Term
complications of ulcerative colitis
Definition
Toxic megacolon is defined as a transverse or right colon with a diameter of >6 cm, with loss of haustration

cancer---narrow of lumen
Term
Clostridium species
Definition
Gram positive rods, spore-formers
Term
C. difficile
Definition
C. difficile – antibiotic-associated colitis; pseudomembranous colitis; most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea
Term
C. difficile
Definition
toxin A (an enterotoxin) cause watery diarrhea by acting directly on secretory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa;
 
toxin B (a cytotoxin) destroy intestinal mucosal cells and produce the syndrome of dysentery, with bloody stools containing inflammatory cells. $$$ toxin B is the essential virulence factor
 
The risk of C. difficile acquisition increases in proportion to length of hospital stay
Term
The diagnosis of CDI is based on a combination of clinical criteria
Definition
1-diarrhea (≥3 unformed stools per 24 h for 2 days) with no other recognized cause plus
(2) toxin A or B detected in the stool, toxin-producing C. difficile detected in the stool by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or culture, or pseudomembranes seen in the colon.
-PMC is a more advanced form of CDI and is visualized at endoscopy in only 50% of patients

pcr of toxin
Term
The most specific clinically available test for diagnosis of amebiasis is
Definition
is a stool ELISA to detect the E. histolytica adherence lectin
Term
Adherence
Enterotoxigenic E. coli,
Definition
which causes watery diarrhea, produces an adherence protein called colonization factor antigen that is necessary for colonization of the upper small intestine
Term
toxins (exotoxins) include enterotoxins, which
Definition
which cause watery diarrhea by acting directly on secretory mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa;
vibro cholera, ETEC, Giardia
Term
cytotoxins, which cause
Definition
which cause destruction of mucosal cells and associated inflammatory diarrhea
--Bacterial cytotoxins, in contrast, destroy intestinal mucosal cells and produce the syndrome of dysentery, with bloody stools containing inflammatory cells
SCS
Shigella, EHEC (shiga over here and give me HEC)
Samonella (motile like salmon)
champlyobacter (IBS entero hyperplasia, gulliane barre)
E. histolytica
Term
2. Salmonella
black eyed salmon swim in the neg direction
Definition
a.Gram negative rod, lactose non-fermenter, motile
-Salmonella produces black-eyed colonies on Hektoen-enteric agar
--H2S gas production
Term
1. Shigella
Definition
Gram negative rod, lactose non-fermenter, H2S negative non-motile
--Associated with bacillary dysentery; abdominal cramps, fever, WBCs in stools
Term
1. Campylobacter
Definition
a. Gram negative, curved rods, motile, very small
C. jejuni most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in U.S.
---Associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome
Term
Giardia Lamblia DX of choice
Definition
Stool antigen is the dx method of choice
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