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Fungi Vocabulary
VCOM Block 1 Micro 2011
51
Microbiology
Graduate
08/29/2011

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Term
Saprobic
Definition
an organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter
Term
parasitic
Definition
fungi that cause human diseases
Term
primary pathogens
Definition
cause disease in a healthy host
Term
opportunistic pathogens
Definition
cause disease in a host with depressed resistance
Term
superficial
Definition
localized to the skin, hair, and nails
Term
cutaneous
Definition
infection confined to the dermis
Term
subcutaneous
Definition
infection confined to the dermis, subcutaneous tissue or adjascent structures
Term
systemic
Definition
deep infections of the internal organs
Term
mycotoxins
Definition
secondary metabolites produced by fungi that cause disease
Term
ergosterol
Definition
the dominant fungi membrane sterol; important antifungal drug target
Term
imidazoles, triazoles, and polyenes
Definition
antifungals that target ergosterol
Term
hyphae
Definition
filamentous cells of molds and mushrooms; apical growth
Term
septae
Definition
cross walls of hyphae
Term
coenocytic
Definition
cells with nonseptate hyphae
Term
hyaline
Definition
colorless hyphae
Term
mycelia
Definition
fluffy surface masses of hyphae and their hidden growth into tissue
Term
yeasts
Definition
single celled fungi, round or oval shaped
Term
pseudohyphae
Definition
hyphae with sausage-like constrictions at septations (candida albicans)
Term
thermally dimorphic fungi
Definition
fungi capable of converting from yeast-like form to a filamentous form. Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Sporothrix
Term
conidia
Definition
asexual spores of filamentous fungi (molds or mushrooms)
Term
blastoconidia
Definition
new yeast "buds"
Term
arthroconidia
Definition
formed by laying down joints in hyphae followed by fragmentation of the hyphal strand
Term
zygomycetes
Definition
nonseptate fungi. Mucor and Rhizopus
Term
dermatophytes
Definition
filamentous fungi causing cutaneous infections: trichophyton, epidermophyton, microsporum
Term
dematiaceous fungi
Definition
darkly pigmented fungi
Term
KOH mount
Definition
wet mount of skin scrapngs breaks down human cells, enhancing visibility of the unaffected fungus because of the chitin cell wall
Term
nigrosin (India Ink)
Definition
wet mount of CSF highlights the capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans (but misses %50 of cases)
Term
Giemsa or Wright's Stain
Definition
blood or bone marrow smere that may detect intracellular histoplasma capsulatum
Term
Calcofluor white stain
Definition
"lights up" fungal elements in exudates or sections, giving the fungus a fluorescent blue-white appearance
Term
Gomori methanamine silver stain (GMS)
Definition
stain where fungi are dark gray to black
Term
Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)
Definition
stain where fungi are hot pink to red
Term
Gridley fungus stain
Definition
stain where fungi are purplish rose with a yellow background
Term
exoantigen testing
Definition
antigens extracted from a fungal culture are immunodiffused against known antisera
Term
Fungal antigen detection
Definition
uses known antibodies to identify circulating fungal antigens in serum, CSF, or urine. Antibodies are available for Histoplasma and Cryptococcus.
Term
serologic testing
Definition
uses acute and convalescent sera to identify patient antibodies specific to a fungus
Term
Polyenes
Definition
antifungal drug that binds to ergosterol in fungal membranes, creating ion channels, leading to leakage and cell death
Term
Amphotericin B (AMB)
Definition
polyene administered intravenously for life-threatening fungal infections. often in combination with fluconazole
Term
Nystatin
Definition
polyene that is used topically to treat Cadida overgrowth or infections of cutaneous or mucosal surfaces
Term
5-fluorocytosine
Definition
disrupts RNA, hence protein synthesis. 5-fluorouradylic acid competes with uracil leading to disruption of RNA
Term
Imidazole
Definition
antifungal drugs with two nitrogens in the azole right. Interfere with ergosterol synthesis.
Term
Ketoconazole
Definition
imidazole that can be orally administered in non-life threatening fungal infections
Term
Miconazole
Definition
imidazole used topically against dermatophytes and Candida
Term
Triazole
Definition
antifungal drugs with three nitrogens in the azole ring. have better systemic activity than imidazoles
Term
Fluconazole
Definition
triazole used for systemic infections, most commonly with Candida and Coccidioides
Term
Itraconazole
Definition
triazole used for treatment of mucocutaneous Candida infections
Term
Voriconazole
Definition
triazole with broad spectrum of activity except the noneseptate fungi (zygomucetes)
Term
Posaconazole
Definition
triazole for treatment of zygomycetes (nonseptate fungi)
Term
Echinocandins
Definition
antifungal drugs that inhibit glucan synthesis, thus leading to a weakened cell wall and cell lysis. includes caspofungin, micafungin, and anidalufungin. effective against Aspergillus, Candida, Pneumocystis and others
Term
topical antifungal drugs
Definition
terbinafine, naftifine, tolnaftate. used for dermatophytes and mucosal yeast infections
Term
Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces
Definition
the three dimorphic fungal pathogens found in the US that cause pneumonias/systemic mycoses
Term
Dermatophytid or ID reaction
Definition
a reaction to circulating fungal antigents that indicates treatment response
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