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fundies 5
Fundies 5
128
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
04/23/2014

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Term
Intracellular
Definition
Fluid within cells
Term
Extracellular
Definition
Fluid outside cells
Term
Intravascular
Definition
Within vascular system, plasma and blood
Term
Interstitial
Definition
Fluid between cells and outside of vessels
Term
Transcellular
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of water across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Higher concentration than blood
Term
Hypertonic example
Definition
3%NS (pulls water out of cells into blood, cells shrink)
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Same concentration as blood
Term
Isotonic example
Definition
0.9% NS (No fluid shift, expand volume)
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Lower concentration than blood
Term
Hypotonic example
Definition
1/2NS (fluid moves into cells and they expand)
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
Force of fluid pressing outward against a surface
Term
Hydrostatic pressure example
Definition
Systolic BP causing fluid and solutes to move out of the arterial end of the capillaries and into interstitial space (moves out of cells)
Term
Oncotic pressure
Definition
Caused by albumin within the blood vessels
Term
Example of oncotic pressure
Definition
_______pressure at the venous end of a capillary is greater than hydrostatic pressure, which causes fluids to move back into the capillary from the interstitial space. (moves in cells)
Term
Active transport
Definition
Movement of molecules against osmotic pressure
Term
Example of active transport
Definition
Sodium potassium pump. Moves sodium out of cells and potassium INTO cells
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Body balance.
Term
In healthy persons, how do we regulate fluid and electrolyte status?
Definition
Fluid intake, hormonal regulation, fluid output regulation
Term
What regulates fluid intake
Definition
Thirst.
Term
What monitors serum osmotic pressure? what happens when osmolarity increases?
Definition
Osmoreceptors. If increased, hypothalamus stimulates thirst
Term
Example of thirst
Definition
Eating salty chips increases oncotic pressure so the hypothalamus stimulates thirst.
Term
Average adult intake
Definition
2500ml in food and drink
Term
What does thirst require and who is at risk because of this
Definition
An alert state. Infants, elderly, neuro problems are at risk
Term
What happens to ADH when blood osmolarity increases?
Definition
Its released which works on kidneys to "save water" which dilutes the blood and increases osmolality.
Term
What happens to urine output when ADH is activated
Definition
Output decreases
Term
What stimulates the RAAS?
Definition
Decreased perfusion of kidneys due to osmolality increase
Term
Aldosterone does what?
Definition
Acts on kidneys to save salt and secrete potassium. Sodium retention leads to water retention
Term
Where does fluid output occur?
Definition
Kidneys, skin, lungs, GI
Term
Insensible Loss
Definition
Fluid loss is continuous thru skina nd lungs.
Term
How much is insensible loss
Definition
900ml
Term
GI tract has how much insensible loss
Definition
about 100ml a day but can become a major site of fluid loss because 3-6L is reabsorbed daily
Term
How much urine output do the kidneys produce a day
Definition
1500ml per day
Term
What is normal total input for an adult
Definition
about 25000 ml
Term
Normal total fluid out for a day?
Definition
Same as in. 2500 ml. About 1500 is measurable urine output.
Term
Amounts greater than 1500ml a day indicate what?
Definition
Fluid volume defecit
Term
Amounts LESS than 1500ml a day indicate what?
Definition
Fluid volume EXCESS
Term
Most abundant electrolyte in ECF
Definition
Sodium
Term
Aldosterone and intake regulate what electrolyte
Definition
They regulate Sodium
Term
Sodium has an major influence on maintaining what
Definition
Water balance
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
Lower than normal sodium concentration
Term
Hypernatremia
Definition
Higher than normal sodium concentration. Due to excess water loss
Term
Common symptom of hypernatremia
Definition
Dry, sticky mucous membranes.
Term
Potassium normal levels
Definition
3.5-5
Term
Predominant electrolyte in ICF
Definition
Potassium
Term
What regulates potassium
Definition
Diet and kidneys
Term
Does the body conserve potassium well, and how does increased fluid effect potassium?
Definition
No, it loses it easily. Increased fluids lead to hypokalemia
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
Too much potassium. Occurs with kidney failure or with potassium sparing diuretics.
Term
What is the major problem with potassium imbalance?
Definition
Cardiac abnormalities
Term
Calcium is stored where
Definition
in bones
Term
Magnesium is used for what
Definition
Enzyme activities
Term
Phosphate is inversely proportional with what electroylte
Definition
Calcium
Term
Bicarbonate HCO3-
Definition
Important buffer regulated by kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance
Term
Hyponatremia is caused by
Definition
Sodium defecit or water excess
Term
What causes cellular edema? why?
Definition
Hyponatremia. Fluid is moving into the cells
Term
Hyponatremia common symptoms
Definition
Postural dizziness, confusion, seizures
Term
Hypernatremia cause
Definition
Sodium excess or water loss
Term
Common symptoms of hypernatremia
Definition
Extreme thirst, dry sticky mucous membranes, irritability, seizures
Term
Common cause of hypokalemia
Definition
Vomiting, diuretic use
Term
Common symptoms of hypokalemia
Definition
WALT. weakness, arrhythmias, lethargy, thready pulse
Term
Hyperkalemia common cause
Definition
Kidney failure
Term
Hypocalcemia common cause
Definition
Illness affecting thyroid or parathyroid glands, renal insufficiency (when cannot excrete phosphorous, calcium level drops)
Term
Common symptoms of hypocalcemia
Definition
Numbness, tingling, chvotek's sign, tetany
Term
Chvotek's sign
Definition
clinical sign of tetany where the stimulation of the facial nerve causes contraction on the same side
Term
Tetany
Definition
Nerve hyperexcitability
Term
hypercalcemia common cause
Definition
Can be caused by prolonged immobilization or cancer
Term
hypomagnesemia common cause
Definition
Malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism
Term
Hypermagnesemia common cause
Definition
Excessive intake
Term
best way to evaluate acid base imbalance
Definition
ABGs
Term
normal pH
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
Less than 7.35 pH
Definition
acidotic
Term
greater than 7.45 pH
Definition
Aklotic
Term
PaCO2 (pressure of carbon dioxide) normal
Definition
35-45
Term
Carbon dioxide is what
Definition
An acid
Term
Hyperventilating causes
Definition
respiratory alkalosis (blowing off acid)
Term
Hypoventilating causes
Definition
Respiratory acidosis
Term
CO2 less than 35
Definition
alkalosis
Term
CO2 greater than 45
Definition
Acidosis
Term
Pa02 normal
Definition
oxygen pressure in blood. 80-100
Term
SA02 normal
Definition
95-100. oxygen saturation
Term
HCO3 is what
Definition
A base
Term
HCO3 normal levels
Definition
22-26
Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
HCO3 LESS than 22
Term
Metabolic alkalosis
Definition
HCO3 GREATER than 26
Term
pH is what
Definition
measure of acidity. Balance between acid, CO3 and a base.
Term
What regulates CO2
Definition
lungs
Term
your patient has COPD, pH of less than 7.35 and a CO2 greater than 45, what do they have
Definition
Respiratory acidosis
Term
Your patient has Diabetic ketoacidosis, pH less than 7.35 and HCO3 less than 22, what do they have?
Definition
Metabolic acidosis.
Term
Your pt has a pH greater than 7.45, C02 less than 35, and is hyperventilating. What do they have?
Definition
Respiratory alkalosis
Term
Your patient has a pH greater than 7.45, and HC03 (a base) greater than 26, what do they have?
Definition
Metabolic Alkalosis
Term
COPD often causes what
Definition
Respiratory acidosis
Term
Diabetic Ketoacidosis often causes what
Definition
Metabolic acidosis
Term
Hyperventilating often causes what
Definition
Respiratory alkolosis
Term
Prolonged vomiting or NG suctioning causes what
Definition
Metabolic alkalosis
Term
Fluid volume defecit
Definition
water and sodium lost in equal proportions, no fluid shift with cells
Term
Fluid volume defecit causes
Definition
Bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, use of diuretics, excessive sweating, decreased oral intake
Term
Fluid volume excess
Definition
Water and sodium gained in equal proportions
Term
Causes of FVE
Definition
CHF, RF, Cirrhosis of liver, excessive sodium intake
Term
Osmolar imbalances
Definition
Loss or excess of water only, causes fluid shift in cells
Term
Examples of osmolar imbalances
Definition
cellular dehydration (tube feeding w/o water flushes), excessive water intake
Term
symptoms of Fluid volume defecit
Definition
Decreased BP, tachycardia, weak pulses, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, decreased urine output, rapid weight loss
Term
What labs are we going to see for fluid volume defecit
Definition
Increased urine specific gravity, HCT, BUN
Term
Treatment of fluid volume defecit
Definition
Isotonic fluids via IV therapy
Term
Fluid volume excess symptoms
Definition
Weight GAIN, edema, increased BP, crackles in lungs, dyspnea, bounding pulses, distended jugular vein
Term
What labs results are going to be seen with Fluid volume excess
Definition
Decreased HCT and BUN (hemodilution)
Term
Fluid volume excess treatment
Definition
Fluid and sodium restriction, diuretics
Term
Edema
Definition
Excess interstitial fluids. Most apparent in eyes, feet, ankles, sacrum
Term
Pitting edema
Definition
Leaves a small depression after pressure applied.
Term
Nursing assessments
Definition
Age (infants/elderly)
CHF, RF
Surgery
Trauma or Burns
Diuretics
Term
Daily weight change to watch
Definition
1KG =1L fluid. 1kg change in 24 hours is significant
Term
What vital signs are especially important w/ fluid?
Definition
BP, pulses
Term
2500 in should equal how much out for balance?
Definition
1500 out
Term
What labs are important with fluid/electrolyte
Definition
Urine specific gravity, HCT, BUN, electrolytes, ABGs
Term
what are considered fluids
Definition
liquids, ice chips, gelatin, ice cream
Term
Nursing interventions for FVD
Definition
ID fluid client likes, avoid caffeine, select foods that are liquid at room temp.
Term
Nursing interventions FVE
Definition
Allow 1/2 total volume on day shift. Place fluids in smaller containers to look full. Frequent mouth care, avoid salty food
Term
Infilration
Definition
Fluid escapes into SQ tissue
Term
S/S of infiltration
Definition
Swelling, pallor, coldness, pain at site, decreased flow rate
Term
TX of infiltration
Definition
Discontinue IV and restart at dif site
Term
Phlebitis
Definition
Inflammation of vein
Term
S/S of phlebitis
Definition
Local tenderness, redness, warm, mild edema of vein above insertion site
Term
TX of phlebitis
Definition
Warm moist compress. Discontinue IV and restart at dif site
Term
Fluid overload
Definition
Too large volume infused
Term
Fluid overload S/S
Definition
Dyspnea, engorged neck veins, increased BP
Term
TX of fluid overload
Definition
Slow infusion rate, notify MD, monitor VS
Term
serum osmolality normal level
Definition
275-295
Term
Urine specific gravity normal
Definition
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