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Fundamentals
Urinary Elmination
176
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
09/18/2015

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
urinary elimination
Definition

Basic function

 

alterations can cause physcal and emotional changes

 

need to find cause of problem in order to help find an acceptable solution

Term
kidneys
Definition
remove waste from blood to form urine
Term
ureters
Definition

transport urine from kidnys to bladder

 

peristolic waves cause urine to enter bladder

 

compressed during micturition to prevent backup of urine from bladder to kidneys

 

obstruction (like renal calculi) causes strong peristolasis in attempt to remove blockage-very painful

 

 

Term
bladder
Definition

reservoir for urine until the urge to urinate develops

 

Term
urethra
Definition
urine travels from the bladder and exits through urethral meatus
Term
why are kidneys important?
Definition

they regulate composition of blood

 

prevent buildup of wastes and extra fluids

 

keep elctrolyte levels stable (sodium, phosphate, and potassium)

 

make hormones that regulate blood pressure, make red blood cells, and keep bones strong

Term
nephron
Definition
functional unit of kidney
Term
glomerular filtrate
Definition
99% reabsorbed into plasma, 1% excreted as urine
Term
kidneys play a role in...
Definition
fluid and electrolyte balance
Term
normal adult urine output
Definition
1200-1500 ml/day
Term
output less than 30ml/hr=
Definition

possible circulatory, blood volume, or renal alterations

 

need to find out why

Term
erythropoietin
Definition

a hormone that functions within bone marrow to stimulate RBC production and prolongs RBC life

 

produced by kidneys

 

pts with chronic renal disease cannot produce enough and therefore are prone to anemia

Term
renin
Definition

produced by kidneys

 

affects blood pressure

Term
calcium/phosphate regulations by kidneys
Definition

produce substance that converts vitamin d into its active form

 

pts with chronic renal disease do not make sufficient amounts therefore are prone to deminerlization of bones caused by impaired calcium absorption

Term
where is urine formed in kidney
Definition
nephron
Term
empty bladder lies...
Definition
in pelvic cavity behind symphysis pubis
Term
full bladder...
Definition
extends above symphesis pubis
Term
bladder maintains...
Definition
low pressure  (even when partially full) to help prevent infection
Term
urethra extends...
Definition

through layer of skeletal muscle called pelvic floor muscles

 

contraction of these muscles make it possible to prevent flow of urine through urethra

Term
urethra length
Definition

female-2in

male-8in

Term
why are feales more prone to infection
Definition
shortenend urethral length and proximity to perineal area
Term
bladder funtion is influenced by
Definition
brain structures
Term
voiding='s
Definition
bladder contraction + urethral sphincter and pelvic floor muscle relaxation
Term
stretching of bladder walls signals...
Definition
micturition center in sacral spinal cord
Term
impulses from the micturition center in the brain...
Definition
respond to or ignore urge, thus making urination voluntary
Term
when ready to void...
Definition
external sphincter relaxes, micturition reflex stimulates the detrusor muscles in bladder to contract, and voila! peepee
Term
adult bladder capacity
Definition
600-1000 ml
Term
normal adults void...
Definition
every 2-4 hours
Term
how much urine can create the urge to urinate?
Definition
150-200 ml
Term
children under 24 months old...
Definition
not neurologically developed enough to be toilet trained
Term
factors influencing urination
Definition

many facors influence volume and quantity or urine and and pt's ability to urinate

 

can be acute and reversible or chronic and irreversibe

 

disease condtions

medications and medica procedures

sociocultural factors

psychological factors

fluid balance

positioning

Term
what are disease conditions affecting urination categorized as?
Definition

pre-renal

renal

post renal

Term
pre-renal disease conditions
Definition
conditions that affect blood flow to and through the kidneys
Term
renal diease conditions
Definition
condtions that affect the renal/kidney tissues
Term
post-renal dsease conditions
Definition
includes conditions that cause obstrucions of urine flow from the kidneys and lower urinary tract
Term
examples of disease conditions
Definition

narrowing of urethra

weakened pelvic/perineal muscles (after pregnancy)

diabetes mellitus (type 1) due to nerve and musculoskeltal changes

enlarged prostate-blocks flow

alzheimers due to loss of ability to sense a full bladder (cognitive impariment)

any dsease or illness that makes it difficult to get to the bathroom

end stage renal disease-uremic syndrome

Term
diseases that cause irrefversible damage to the kidneys result in...
Definition
end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and eventually show signs for uremic syndrome
Term
signs of uremic syndrome
Definition

increase in nitrogenous wastes in blood

fluid & electrolyte imbalances

nausea

vomiting

headache

coma

convulsions

 

Term
when uremic symptoms worsen...
Definition

agressive treatment is required for survival

 

MUST BALANCE ELCTROLYTE LEVELS

Term
methods of renal replacement
Definition
dialysis and organ transplant
Term
forms of dialysis
Definition
hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
Term
hemodialysis
Definition

requires machine with semipermeable filtering membrane (artificial kidney) to filter and remove waste products and extra fluid from blood.

 

requires vascular access or renal shunt

Term
peritoneal dialysis
Definition

requires catheter into abdomen's peritoneal cavity.

a sterile electrolyte solution is instilled into the peritoneal cavity. it remains in cavity for prescribed tme an is then drained out. this is done by gravity and not machines, waste is pulled out with draining fluid.

Term
indications for dialysis
Definition

when renal failure can no longer be controlled by deitary modifications and administration of medcations to correct electrolyte abnormalities

 

worsening of uremic syndrome associated with ESRD (nause, vomiting, neuro changes- any altered mental state is a neuro change)

 

severe eletrolyte and/or fluid abnormalities

Term
organ transplant
Definition

replacement for failed kidne with helthy one from a live person or cadaver donor

 

immunosuppresant medications are administered for to help prevent rejection of organ

Term
fluid balance
Definition
primarily maintained by kidneys
Term
if fluids and the concentration of electrolytes and solutes are in equilibrium...
Definition
an increase in fluid intake causes an increase in urine production
Term
amount of urine formed at night...
Definition
half of amount formed during day beause of decreased fluid intake and metabolism decline
Term
intake of wter, food, and fluid balances...
Definition
output of water in urine, feces, and losses from perspiration and respiration
Term
insensible water loss
Definition

lungs, skin, respiritory tract

 

immeasurable

Term
micturition
Definition
act of urinating voluntarily
Term
nocturia
Definition
urination at night
Term
polyuria
Definition
excessive output of urine
Term
oliguria
Definition
decreased urine output despite normal intake
Term
anuria
Definition
no urine is produced
Term
diuresis
Definition
increased rate of formation and excretion of urine
Term
to minimize the patient experiencing nocturia, teach him or her to...
Definition
limit fluids before bed
Term
how to febrile conditions influence urine production?
Definition

excessive perspiration losses is a lot of insesnsible water loss- decreases urine production

 

causes increase in mtabolic demands of body and accumulation of body wastes-urine volume decreased and concentrated

Term
surgical procedures influence urination
Definition

NPO-less urine output

 

underlying disease that affect fluid balace prior to surgery

 

anesthetics and narcotic analgesics slow glomerular filtration rate thus reducing urine output. also impair sensory and motor impulses decreasing ability to sense bladder fullness and inhibits mitruition

 

spinal anesthetics create risk or urinary retention due to inability to sense need to void and inability of bladder muscles and urethral shpincters to respond

 

surgery of lower abdomen and pelvic structures can impair urination due to local trauma surrounding tissues

 

patients usually have urinary catheters in place after surgeries involving ureters, bladder, and urethra

Term
which meds cause urinary retension and overflow incontinence?
Definition

antipsychotics

antidepressants

alpha-adrenergic agonists

calcium channel blockers

Term

overflow incontinence

 

Definition
when bladder is overly full and pressure exceeds sphincter pressure resulting in involuntary leakage
Term
which meds cause urinary incontinence?
Definition

alpha-antagonists

diuretics

sedative hypnotics

opiod analgesics

ACE inhibitors

antihisthamines

Term
which meds cause urgency and thus incontinence?
Definition
antiparkinson meds
Term
what should you consider in cases of new onset incontinence?
Definition

meds!

 

especially with older patients

Term
pyridium colors the urine...
Definition
orange
Term
amitriptyline colors urine...
Definition
green-blue
Term
levodopa colors urine...
Definition
brown-black
Term
if meds are going to change the color of the pt's urine you must...
Definition
let them know
Term
chemo drugs can affect...
Definition
color of urine and are often toxic to bladder and/or kidneys
Term
patients with impaired kidney function require dosage adjustments in...
Definition
meds excreted by the kidneys
Term
elimination changes that result from inability of the bladder to empty properly may cause...
Definition

incontinence

frequency

urgency

urinary retention

UTI

Term
Intravenous pyleogram (IVP)
Definition

a diagnostic tool for the urinary system

 

requires pt's to limit fluids before the test causing decreased output.

 

must check for iodine/dye allergies prior to IVP and push fluids post test to flush out dye

Term
direct exams
Definition

diagnosic tool for urinary system

 

involves direct visualization of urinary structires (eg cytoscopy)

 

may cause loaclized edema and spasm of bladder sphycter

 

pt's may have difficulty voiding or red/pink urine post-exam

Term
urinary retention
Definition
accumulation of urine resulting from an inablity of the bladder to empty properly
Term
in urinary retention, bladder is...
Definition
unable to respond to micturition reflex and thus is unable to empty
Term
in urinary retension, as urine collects in bladder...
Definition
walls stretch resulting in feeling of pressure, discomfort, tenderness over the symphesis pubis, restlessness, and diaphoresis
Term
as urinary retention progresses...
Definition

overflow develops

 

pressure buids to the point where the sphyncter temporarily opens and a small amount of urine is released

 

this relese is enough for the sphinctr to close again

 

this can occur 2-3 times per hour with no relief, or may continually dribble urine

Term
nursing assessment for urinary retention:
Definition
palpate abdomen for bladder distension and tenderness
Term
residual urine
Definition

volume of urine remaining in the bladder after normal voiding 

 

 

Term
bladder is usually ________after micturition
Definition
empty
Term
if pt cannot empty bladder completely, nurse can...
Definition

use a blader scanner to measure the residual urine

 

straight catheterize the pt to remove the residual urine

 

sometimes just a matter of privacy and comfort-try sitting pt up

Term
UTI's
Definition

most common health-care aquired infection

 

80% reuslt from use of indwelling catheter

Term
CAUTIs are associated with...
Definition

increased hospitalizations

increased morbidity and mortality

longer hospital stays

increased hospital costs

Term
in 2008, Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services decided that...
Definition
CAUTIs are no longer covered by insurance and must be covered out of hospital's own pocket
Term
most common cause of cauti
Definition
pt's pwn colonic flora, most commonly e. coli
Term
what is required to kill e. coli
Definition

soap and water

 

sanitizer does not kill spores

Term
bacteriuria
Definition

bacteria in urine

 

can lead to bacteria in kidneys and sometimes even bloodstream (bacteremia)

Term
alternate causes of UTIs
Definition

poor perineal hygeine

inadequate hand washing

females wiping back to front

female sexual intercourse

 

need to teach pt's how to wipe

Term
dysuria
Definition
pain or burning during urination
Term
cystitis
Definition
an irritated bladder causing a frequent and urging sensation of the need to void
Term
hematuria
Definition
blood tinged urine
Term
pyelonephritis
Definition

infection in the upper urinary tract or kidneys

 

S/S- flank pain, tenderness, fever, chills

 

 

Term
urinary incontinence
Definition
involuntary release of urine that is sufficient enough to be a problem
Term
hyperactive or overactive bladder
Definition
results from sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles in the urinary bladder resulting in an urge to urinate (urge incontinence)
Term
urinary diversion
Definition

unrine is diverted to an external source

 

can be permanent or temporary

 

bypasses urethra and bladder

Term
pt with urinary diversion has a ____ on the abdomen to _____.
Definition

stoma (artificial opening)

 

drain urine

 

this pt will have special needs

Term
2 types of continent urinary diversions
Definition

urinary reservoir made form distil portion of ileum

 

neobladder

Term
in a urinary reservoir diversion...
Definition

reservoir made from distil portion of ileum, ueturs embedded into it

 

narrow segment of ileum brought out through abdominal wall to form stoma

 

ileocecal valve prevents urine flowing outside the abdomen

 

pt's will have to self catheterize 4-6 times per day for the rest of their lives

 

Term
in a nebladder continent diversion..
Definition
a neobladder is made to replace the bladder but the rest of the anatomy is unchanged and the patient voids normally
Term

incontinent urinary diversions

 

Definition

surgeries involve connecting the ureters to a section of ileum with a formation of a stoma on the abdominal wall

 

unrine drains constantly and pt has no control over the flow-drainage bag required

 

Term
nephrostomy
Definition
drainage directly from a kidney via a tube from the back/flank area
Term
a great resource to patients with incontinent urinary diversions...
Definition

the ostomy nurse

 

will meet prior to proedure and again after to help the pts/families with technique and sizing of drainage bags

Term
infection control and hygeine
Definition

the urinary tract is sterile

 

use sterile technique when catheterizing a patient

 

use mdical asepsis for perineal care

Term
factors influencing urination
Definition

age

environment

medications

psychologicalissues

muscle tone

fluid balance

surgical or diagnostic procedures

pregnancy

aging

being overweight

caffeine (relaxes smooth mscle of sphycter)

disease conditions

trauma

Term
be alert to...
Definition
individual needs
Term
home safety devices
Definition

raised toilet seats

grab bars

portable commodes

Term
promoting unrinary health
Definition

facilitate more frequent opportunities to void

encourage older adults to emppty bladder before meals, after meals, and at bedtime

encourage 6-8 glasses of water per day as diluted urine discourages bacterial growth

discourage caffeine products and alcohol as they have a diuretic effect and increase urintion

drink cran juice and take vitamin c to incerase acidity of urine and help decrease UTIs

note the incontinence is NOT a normal part of aging

avoid routine use of indwelling catheters because the greatly increase risk of infection

 

Term
critical thinking
Definition
clinical judgements require you to collect neccessary information, analyze the data, plus anticipate and make decisions regarding pt care
Term
nursing process
Definition

assess

diagnosis

plan (measurable and specific)

implement

evaluate (let pt tell you if it is working)

Term
assessment
Definition

gather nursing history for pt's urination pattern and smptoms, the factors affecting urination

conduct physical assessmen of pt's body systems potentially affected by urinary change

assess characteristics of urine (color, clarity, odor)

assess the pt's perception of urinary problems as it affects self-concept and sexuality

gather relevant laboritory and diagnostic and test data

Term
the nurse assesses that the pt has a full bladder, and os having difficulty voiding. nurse would tell the pt to...
Definition
use crede's method-using palm of hand to press on bladder
Term
double void
Definition
peeing a little to clean out tract, then peeing agiain for collection
Term
a patient with a foley is carying the collection bag at waist level. he is at risk for...
Definition

infection

reflux of urine

Term
nursing assessment questions
Definition

nature of problem

signs and symptoms

onset and duration

severity

predisposing factors

effects on pt

Term

nurse knowledge for assessment

 

Definition

physiology of fluid balance

anatomy and physiology of normal urine production and urination

pathophysiology of selected urinary alterations

factors affecting urination

principles of communication used to address issues related to self-concept and sexuality

Term
experience for assessment
Definition

caring for pts with alterations in urinary elimination

caring for pts at risk for urinary infection

personal experience with changes in urinary elmination

Term
standards for assessment
Definition

maintain ots dignity and privacy

apply intellectual standards to ensure ot histaory and assessments are complete and in depth

apply professional standards of care from professional organizations like ANA, International Continence Society (ICS), and United Ostomy Associations of America

Term
attitudes for assessment
Definition

display humilty in recognizing lmitations in knowledge

establish trust with he pt to reveal full picture of this potentially sensitive area of assessment

Term

urine sampling from indwelling cathter

 

Definition
aspiration from a collection port in drainage tubing of indwelling catheter
Term
types of urine collection
Definition

random (routine urinalysis)

clean-voided or midstream (culture and sensitivity)

sterile specmen (culture and sensitivity)

timed urine specimens (for measuring levels of adrenocortical steroids or hormones, creatine clearance, or protein quality tests)

Term
random collection (routine urinalysis)
Definition

collect during normal voiding or from indwelling catheter or urinary diversion bag. do not collect from indwelling cath drainage bag

 

use clean specimen cup

Term

clean-voided or midstream

(culture and sensitivity)

Definition

sterility

use double void

sterile specimen cup

if indwelling cath, use port and remember to clamp below port to allow urine to collect

Term
timed urine specimens
Definition

measures levels of adrenocortical seroids or hormones, creatine clearance, or protein quality tests

 

may be 2, 12, or 24 hour collections

 

begins after pt urinates and ends with final voiding at end of time period

 

pt voids into clean recepticle, then urine is transferred into special collection container which may have special preservatives.

 

each specimen must be free of feces and toilet tissue

 

missed specimens make entire collection inaccurate

 

check agency policy

Term
routine analysis tests:
Definition

pH

protein

glucose

ketones

blood

specific gravity

 

microscopic examination contains:

RBCs

WBCs

Bacteria

Casts

Crystals

Term
pH of urine
Definition

4.6-8.0

 

indicates acid base balance

cid pH helps protect against bacterial growth

urine that stands for several hours becomes alkiline

Term
protein in urine
Definition

0-8mg/100mL

 

normally not present in urine

common in renal disease because damage to glomeruli or tubules allows it to enter

 

 

Term
glucose
Definition

none

 

patients with diabetes mellitus often have glucose in urine as a result of inability of tubules to resorb high glucose concentratins (>180mg/100mL)

ingestion of high concentrations of glucose causes some glucose to appear in the urine of healthy persons

Term
ketones in urine
Definition

none

 

patients whose diabetes mellitus is poorly controlled experience breakdown of fatty acids. 

end products of fat metabolism are ketones

some people with dehydrtion, starvation, or excessive aspirin usage also have ketonuria

Term
blood in urine
Definition

a positive test for occult blood occurs when intact eryhrocytes, hemoglobin, or myoglobin is present.

blood in a routine specimen in a woman may be a result of contamination by menstrual fluid

Term
specific gravity of urine
Definition

1.0053-1.030

 

measures concentration of particles in urine

high reflects concentrated urnie, and low reflects diluted.

dehydration, reduced renal blood flow, and increased ADH secretion elevate SG. overhydration, early renal disease, and inadequate ADH secretions reduce SG.

Term
RBCs in urine
Definition

up to 2

 

damage to glomeruli or tubules allows RBCs to enter urine.

trauma, disease, or surgery of lower urinary tract also causes blood to be present.

Term
WBCs
Definition

0-4 per low-power field

 

greater number indicates UTI

Term
bacteria
Definition

none

 

bacteria indicate UTI 

pt does not aways have symptoms

 

Term
casts in urine
Definition

none

 

casts are cylindrical bodies the shapes of which take on likeness of objects within the renal tubule.

types include hyaline, WBCs, RBCs, granular cels, and epithelial cells

increased presence is always an abnormal finding and indicates renal altercations

Term
crystals in urine
Definition

none

 

crystals are the result of food metabolism

excess crystals such as uric acid or calcium phosphate result in renal stone formation

Term
diagnostic evaluations
Definition

noninvasive:

abdominal roentgenogram

computerized axial topography

intravenous pyelogram

renal or bladder ultrasound

urodynamic testing

 

invasive:

endoscopy-cytoscopy

arteriogram (angiography)

Term
abdominal roentgenogram
Definition

(plain film; kidney, uretur, bladder [KUB], or flat plate

 

determine size, shape, symmetry, and location of the kidneys

 

no special precautions needed

Term
computerized axial tomography (CT) scan
Definition

obtain detailed images of structures within a selected plne of the body

the computer reconstructs cross-sectional images and thus allows the  healthcare provider to view pathological conditions such as tumors and obstructions

 

bowel cleaning per agnecy or health care provider preference

assess for shelfish (iodine) allergy if CT with contrast is ordered

Term
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Definition

view the collecting ducts and renal pelvis and outline the ureters, bladder, and urethra

 

a special intravenous injection (iodine-based) that converts to a dye in urine is intravenously injected.

 

bowel cleaning per agency

only clear liquids until after test is completed

assess for allergies before test

after test encourage fluid intake to flush dye from system

observe for late symtoms of allergy (rash)

Term
renal ultrasound
Definition

identify gross renal structures and strutural abnormalities in he kidney using high-frequency, inaudible sound waves

 

no bowel cleansing needed

Term
bladder ultrasound
Definition

identify structural abnormalities of bladder or lower urinary tract.

also used to estimate volume of urine in bladder

 

if needed, ask pt to drink fluids before test to cause bladder distension for better results

 

 

Term
urodynamic testing (uroflowmetry)
Definition

determines bladder muscle function and evaluates causes of urinary incontinence

generally pt urinates into a toilet equipped with a funnel and uroflowmeter

voiding activates uroflowmeter and electronic data are recorded and analyzed

 

nurse must explain procedure to patient then provide materials for perineal hygeine

Term
endoscopy-cytoscopy
Definition

provides direct visualization, specimen collection, and/or treatment of the interior of the bladder and urethra.

usually performed using local anesthesia, general anesthesia or concious sedation is more common to avoid unneccessary anxiety and trauma for pt.

surgery on male prostate is also perfored using a special endoscope.

 

obsain signed consent and complete bowel cleaning if instructed.

follow agency policy for preoperative preparation and checklist.

after pt returns, assess vital signs and characteristics of urine, monitor intake and output, encourage fluids, and observe for fever, dysuria, and pain in suprapubic region.

Term
anteriogram (angiography)
Definition

visualize the renal arteries and/or their branches to detect narrowing or occlusion.

catheter is placed in one of femoral arteries and introduced up to level of renal arteries. radiopaque contrast is injected through the catheter whiel x-ray film images are taken in rapid succession.

 

obtain signed consent

assess for allergies

follow agency checklist

after procedure monitor vital signs frequently until stable.

pt maintains bed rest for prescribed time.

encourage fluid to flush contrast from system.

monitor affected extremity for neurocirculatory function (pulse, skin temp, sensation, and mvement) and observe catheter site for bleeding, swelling, increased tenderness, or hematoma formation.

notify healthcare provider immediately if and procedural abnormality

Term
the pt is to have an intravenous pyelogram. which of the following aply to this procedure?
Definition

these 2:

note any aallergies

encourgae fluids after the procedure

Term
nursing diagnoses
Definition

social isolation

disturbed body image

urinary incontinence (functional, stress, urge, overflow)

pain (acute, chronic)

risk for infection

toileting self-care deficit

impaired skin integrity

impaired urinary elimination

constipation

urinary retension

Term
planning
Definition

involve pt/family when making goals

make a short and long term goal

make sure goals are measurable and acheivable

set goals according to priorities (esp with mult diagnoses)

 

reinforce adherence to good hygeine practices

select interventions that promote normal physiology of muctruition

involve family in lerning knowledge and skills for pt's care in the home

refer pt to appropriate health care proffesionals/agencies

Term
knowledge of planning
Definition

importance of caring in maintenance of pt's self-esteem

 

role other helth professionals might provide in the care of pt's with urinary elimination alterations

 

adult learning principles to apply when educating the pt and family

 

services of community-based resources

 

nursing interventions effective in maintainign normal urinary elimination

Term
experience of planning
Definition
previous pt responses to planned nursing intervenions to promote urinary elimination
Term
standards of plnning
Definition

individualize interventions to adapt to a normal urination pattern

 

apply standards of care from the agency and professional organizations such as ANA, ICS, and United Ostomy Associations of America when planning care

Term
what term hould you include in goals to rock out and be sure they are measurable?
Definition
blah blah blah AS MEASURED BY blah blah blah
Term
imlemantation (interventions)
Definition

incorporate individualized health promotion activities and therapeudic intervetions to meet the patients needs

 

collaborate with other health professionals

(physical therapist tech to teach Kegels)

 

consider home environemtn

 

maintain normal habits as best as possible while hospitalized (privacy, fluids, pts normal routine)

Term
types or urinary catheters
Definition

indwelling (foley)

straight

Term
which type of catherter does evidence prefer?
Definition
straight-even if you have to put it in every few hours
Term
potential sites for catheter contamnation
Definition

at urethral meatus

 

at port

 

at drain

Term
catheter irrigation
Definition

helps finse fluids

 

usually after prostate surgery because of clots clogging catheter

 

 

Term
After a transurethral prostectamy  patent returns to his room with a triple lumen indwelling catheter and continuous bladder irrigation. The irrigation is normal saline at 150 mL/hr. The nurse empties the drainage bag for a total of 2520 mL after an 8-hr period. How much is the total urine output?
Definition
2520 - (150 x 8) = 1320
Term
functional incontinence interventions
Definition

loss of urine caused by factors outside the urinary tract (ex. had to void but could not get to bathroom in time)

 

clothing modifications

scheduled toileting

absorbent products

environment changes

Term
stress incontinence interventions
Definition

involuntary leakage of urine due to increased abdominal pressure (exercising, coughing, sneezing)

 

kegel exercises, surgery, absorbent products, electrical stimulation

 

 

Term
urge incontient interventions
Definition

involuntary pssage of urine after strong sense of urgency to void (often happens more than every 2 hours with bladder spasms/contractions)

 

medications

biofeedback

behavioral modifications

kegel's

absorpbent products

lifestyle changes (wt loss, fluid modifications)

Term
implementation
Definition

promote normal micturtion by having pt sit instead of laying on bedpan

 

have males stand at bedside if possible

 

sound of running water helps

 

pour warm water over perineal area

 

follow pt's home routine if possible

 

maintain optimal fluid intake

 

medications

 

catheterization

Term

tips for preventing infection in pts with catheters

 

Definition

hand hygeine

do not allow any part of cath to sit on floor (eg bag)

use sterile technique to collec specimens

keep seperate receptacles for emptying urine

prevent pooling of urine in tubing

prevent reflux of urine back into bladder

keep bag below bladder level

secure tubing to pt's leg

perform perineal care 3x daily AND prn

encourage fluids if allowed

remove cath as soon as poss

 

Term
mixed incontinence interventions
Definition

combination of urge and stress incontinence

 

intervention based on symptoms most bothersom to pt

 

 

Term
overflow incontinence interventions
Definition

involuntary loss of urine at intervals without the sensation of urge to void. clent unaware of bladder filling and reflex empyting occurs when bladder is full

 

intermittant catheterization

condom caths

crede's method

 

Term

hyperactive/overactive bladder incontinence interventions

 

Definition

urinary urgency that is associated with urinary frequency and nocturia

 

kegel's

bladdr training

biofeedback

limited carbonated bevs

fluid intake 1.5-2L's per day

Term
who is the best source of evaluation?
Definition
the pt
Term
evaluation:
Definition

be sensitive to changes in self-concept/image

 

ask:

how frequently are you voiding?

do yo continue to have the feeling of urgency?

have the symptoms decreased since you've decreaced your caffeine intake?

do you still have burning when you void?

do you still have pressure in your lower abdomen?

Term
knowledge for evaluation
Definition

clinical signs of normal micurition

 

characteristics of normal urine

 

behaviors that demonstrate learning

Term
experience for evaluation
Definition
previous pt responses to planned nursing interventions to promote urinary elimination
Term
standards for evaluaion
Definition

use expected outcomes established in pt's plan of care

 

use established expected outcomes from professional organizations such as ANA and AHCPR to evaluate pt's response to care

Term
VESIcare (Solifenacin)
Definition

relaxes smooth muscles in urinary tract

 

class: urinary antispasmotic, anticholinergic

 

decreased dysuria, frquency, nocturia, and incontinence

 

used to treat overactive bladder (urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence)

 

TALL letter safety spelling

 

Nursing considerations: asess urinary patterns & for bladder distention

monitor EKGs (can prolong QT intervals)

assess for allergic reactions

interacts ith st johns wart and grapefruit juice

may cause constipation or blurred vision

Term
Lasix (Furosemide)
Definition

Acts on ascending loop of Henley in Kidneys, inhibiting reabsorption of sodium and chloride. causing excretion of sodium, magnesium, chloride, water, and some potassium

 

class: loop diuretic

 

decreses edema in lungs and peripherally which causes a decrease in blood pressure

 

used to treat pulmonary edema, CHF, ascites, HTN, and more

 

Nursing considerations:

can cause ototoxicity (ear)

hypokalemia (flushes K out)

nocturia

polyuria

hypotension (fast increase of output)

administer in morning to help with nocturia

record accurate I&O's

pt education and safety due to frequent voiding

Term
T or F? Voluntary control from higher brain centers and involuntary control from the spinal cord influence the action of micturition or voiding.
Definition
True
Term
T or F? An increased fluid intake resuts in increased diluted urine formation that reduced the risk of utis.
Definition
True
Term
____________ is classified as funcional, overflow, stress, urge, or total. Each type has secific nursing interventions.
Definition
Incontinence
Term
When collected properly, a clean voided urine specimen still contains bacteria from the urethral meatus. Tor F?
Definition
False
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