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Forensic Background OCR
Background Psychology A-level Forensic OCR
27
Psychology
12th Grade
02/25/2014

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Cards

Term
1.1.1 Disrupted Families
Definition
'broken' families through divorce/seperation where family unit breaks down and problems occur
Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis
-child should receive continuous care for approx. first 2 years of life
-if disrupted, child can suffer irreversible long-term consequences
Term
1.1.2 Learning From Others
Definition
Classical conditioning - association (Little Albert)
Operant conditioning - consequences, rewards, punishments
Social Learning Theory
-Bandura identified 3 basic models of observational learning:
1. a live model
2. a verbal instructional model
3. a symbolic model
Term
1.1.3 Poverty & Disadvantaged Areas
Definition
Strain Theory - Merton 1938
-crime is not fault of individuals themselves but of strains in make-up of society
-criminals aren't different to non-criminals
-experience same goals (wealth/independence)
-just choose to rebel against conventional routes to get there
Term
1.2.1 Criminal Thinking Patterns
Definition
Rational Choice Theory - Cornish & Clarke
-offenders rationally choose to commit crimes
-based on a cost/benefit analysis
-if benefits>costs = commit crime
-we don't all commit crimes because of individual differences and different social positions (children etc.)
Term
1.2.2 Moral Development
Definition
Kohlberg
-studied group of boys from Chicago
-studied in intervals
-younger boys operated at stages 1 & 2 whilst older boys operated at stages 3 & 4 of moral development
-level 1: pre-conventional level
-level 2: conventional morality
-level 3: post-conventional
Term
1.2.3 Social Cognition
Definition
Social cognition refers to the way we think about our actions
-Attribution Theory
-Internal: cause of behaviour is within the person
-External: cause of behaviour is assigned to situation
Term
1.3.1 Brain Dysfunction
Definition
Phineas Gage
-iron rod propelled at high speed through Gage's skull
-accident altered his behaviour dramatically
-turned from sweet, old man into rude, unreliable man
Term
1.3.2 Genes & Serotonin
Definition
Studies have tried to find link between genes and criminal behaviour
XYY
-males who had extra Y chromosome were predisposed to be violent criminals
-'super male syndrome'
-later research shows not true
-1/1000 men have extra chromosome but estimated 97% of those have no noticeable XYY traits
Term
1.3.3 Gender
Definition
Steffensmeier
women tend not to commit crimes because:
-physically different
-who will look after the children
-don't drink as much
Term
2.1.1 Recognising Faces
Definition
There have been cases of wrong identification e.g. Ed Honaker
-victim identified mugshot as it had a different coloured background and stood out
-served 10 years for crime he didn't commit
Term
2.1.2 Factors Affecting Identification
Definition
There are many factors such as:
-difficult to identify someone of different race
-difficult if crime happened at twilight
-difficult if someone has a poor memory for faces
Term
2.1.3 The Cognitive Interview
Definition
Fisher & Geiselman suggest techniques should incorporate basic psychology about memory
-memory an interconnected network
-retrieval more effective if context is reinstated
-one memory leads to another by association
-trivial memories may lead to important ones
Interviewing Techniques
-interview similarity
-focused retrieval (no interruption)
-extensive retrieval (another viewpoint)
-witness-compatible quesitoning
Term
2.2.1 Detecting Lies
Definition
misinformation about detecting lies
-less blinking
-pupil dilation
-nervousness
don't consistently mean someone is lying
-some police officers still look for these cues
Term
2.2.2 Interrogation Techniques
Definition
Interrogating is more accusing than interviewing - when you're pretty sure they're guilty
Reid technique
-persuasive techniques including deceit, trickery or psychological manipulation
Term
2.2.3 False Confessions
Definition
3 types of false confessions:
1. voluntary confession
2. coerced compliant confession (elicited by forceful or persistent questioning)
3. coerced internalised confession (person temporarily persuaded they committed crime)
Term
2.3.1 Top-Down Typology
Definition
Applying information we already know and theories we already found
4 stages of profiling:
1. collection of data
2. putting crimes into categories
3. development of hypothesis
4. development of profile
Term
2.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach
Definition
takes evidence and data and builds it up piece by piece
geographical profiling:
-marauder: offender has a base and branches out to commit offences
-commuter: offender travels from base to another area to commit offences
Term
2.3.3 Case Study
Definition
No background ? ? ?? ?
Term
3.1.1 Order of Testimony
Definition
Primary and Recency Effect
-people remember 1st and last words on a list but forget the middle
Re-constructive Memory
-if people are unable to recall info, there is a tendency to fill in the gaps
Term
3.1.2 Persuasion - Use of Expert Witness
Definition
media has shown that:
-experts don't always get it right
-jurors disregard testimony in favour of witness testimony
Term
3.1.3 Inadmissible Evidence
Definition
Reactance Theory
if a judge asks jury to ignore a comment, they are more likely to remember it
Term
3.2.1 Attractiveness
Definition
Halo Effect - Dion
view attractive people as attributing positive personality qualities
Implicit Personality Theory
-when people believe that someone who possesses one positive/negative attribute has many other positive/negative characteristics
e.g. he is stupid so he is aggressive
Term
3.2.2 Confidence of Witness
Definition
Studies shown jurors rate witnesses most persuasive when they are confident, relaxed, make eye contact, extroverted and speak clearly
Term
3.2.3 Effects of Shields & Videotape on Children giving Evidence
Definition
NSPCC calling for pre-recording evidence before trial and not in court building
real e.g.
-4 year old girl youngest to ever testify
-attacked & raped
Term
3.3.1 Stages in Decision Making
Definition
-in UK 12 jury members
-unanimous decision (12-0)
-if not, majority decision (10-2)
-if not, hung jury dismissed
Term
3.3.2 Majority Influence
Definition
Kalven & Zeisel conducted study in 1960s
-146 juries not originally unanimous decisions
-only 7 moved in favour of original minority
Term
3.3.3 Minority Influence
Definition
Kalven & Zeisel
-after failing to reach unanimous decision, out of 146 only 7 juries went in favour of minority
factors affecting minority influence:
-size of minority
-size of majority
-behavioural style
-situational factors
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