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Fluids and Electrolytes
Fluids and Electrolytes
16
Nursing
Not Applicable
12/11/2014

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Term
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Definition
causes renal cells to reabsorb water, move it back into blood
Term
Angiotensin II
Definition
vasoconstriction, stimulation of aldosterone release
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
circulates to kidneys, causes reabsorption of sodium and water, returns them to blood
Term
Hypovolemia
Definition
Extracellular fluid deficit.
Causes hypovolemic shock.
Caused by fever, burns, diuretics.
Term
Hypovolemic Shock
Definition
Too much water loss.
Decreased BP (because of less volume), increased respirations, increased HR (making up for low BP)
Term
Hypervolemia
Definition
Extracellular fluid excess.
Caused by renal failure, heart failure, excess fluid intake.
Symptoms include sudden weight gain, edema, crackles in lung sounds (excess fluid build-up)
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
Low potassium concentration IN BLOOD.
caused by decreased potassium intake/absorption, shift of potassium from ECF to cells, and increased potassium output.
Caused by diarrhea, vomiting, potassium-wasting diuretics.
Symptoms include BILATERAL MUSCLE WEAKNESS beginning in quads and moving to RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
High potassium concentration IN BLOOD.
caused by increased potassium intake/absorption, shift to potassium from cells into ECF, decreased potassium output.
Caused by oliguria; important to monitor output before administering IV fluids with potassium.
Symptoms include bilateral muscle weakness, CARDIAC ARREST.
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
Low calcium IN BLOOD.
Caused by Vit D deficiencies, PANCREATITIS, chronic diarrhea.
Symptoms include positive "Chapstick's" (face) and "Truffle's" (hands) signs, neuromuscular excitability.
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
High calcium IN BLOOD.
Caused by prolonged immobility: shift of calcium from bone into ECF, use of thiazide diuretics, and cancer.
Decreases neuromuscular excitability, lethargy, diminished reflexes, decreased consciousness.
Term
Hypomagnesemia
Definition
Low magnesium IN BLOOD.
Caused by decreased magnesium intake/absorption, shift of mag. to its inactive form, increased mag. output, alcoholism, and diarrhea.
Increased neuromuscular excitability, positive "Chapstick's" (face) and "Truffle's" (hands) signs, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, grimacing.
Term
Hypermagnesemia
Definition
High magnesium IN BLOOD.
Caused by end-stage renal disease, magnesium laxatives.
Symptoms include decreased neuromuscular excitability, lethargy, decreased deep tendon reflexes, decreased respirations.
Term
Respiratory Acidosis
Definition
Alveolar hypoventilation.
Lungs unable to excrete enough Co2.
PaCO2 increases, excess carbonic acid in blood, decreased pH.
Compensation: kidneys increase excretion of metabolic acids in urine.
Decreased level of consciousness.
Term
Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
Alveolar hyperventilation.
Lungs excrete too much carbonic acid.
PaCO2 decreases, deficit of carbonic acid in blood, pH increases.
Excitement, confusion
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
Increased metabolic acid OR decreased bicarbonate base.
kidneys can't excrete (into urine) enough metabolic acid, it accumulates in blood OR bicarbonate base is directly removed (diarrhea).
Bicarbonate base is decreased, pH increases.
Compensation: hyperventilation, removes carbonic acid.
Decreased conciousness
Term
Metabolic Alkalosis
Definition
Increase bicarbonate base OR decreased metabolic acid.
Compensation: hypoventilation, limits carbonic acid release and allows build-up.
caused by vomiting and gastric suction.
Less severe or absent neurological symptoms
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