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FLASH CARD PSY 6
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Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/20/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Acquisition
Definition
process by which a conditioned response is established or strengthened
Term
Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification)
Definition
procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing the reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors
Term
Behavior modification (or applied behavior analysis)
Definition
procedure for determining the reinforcers that sustain an unwanted behavior and then reducing the reinforcements for the unwanted behavior and providing suitable reinforcers for more acceptable behaviors
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes
Term
Behaviorist
Definition
psychologist who insists that psychologists should study only observable, measurable behaviors, not mental processes
Term
Blocking effect
Definition
tendency of a previously established association to one stimulus to block the formation of an association to an added stimulus
Term
Chaining
Definition
procedure for developing a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one response is the opportunity to engage in the next response
Term
Classical conditioning (or Pavlovian conditioning)
Definition
process by which an organism learns a new association between two paired stimuli-a neutral stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response
Term
Conditioned response (CR)
Definition
whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
stimulus that comes to evoke a particular response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Conditioned taste aversion
Definition
tendency to avoid eating a substance that has been followed by illness when it was eaten in the past
Term
Continuous reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement for every correct response
Term
CR (conditioned response)
Definition
whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit as a result of the conditioning procedure
Term
CS (conditioned stimulus)
Definition
stimulus that comes to evoke a particular response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Term
Determinism
Definition
assumption that all behavior has a cause, or determinant, in the observable world
Term
Discrimination
Definition
(a) in classical conditioning, making different responses to different stimuli that have been followed by different outcomes; (b) in operant conditioning, learning to respond in one way to one stimulus and in a different way to another stimulus; (c) in social behavior, unequal treatment of different groups of people
Term
Discriminative stimulus
Definition
stimulus that indicates on which occasion a response will produce a certain consequence
Term
Disequilibrium principle
Definition
principle that an opportunity to engage in any deprived activity will be a reinforcer because it restores equilibrium
Term
Drug tolerance
Definition
progressively weaker effects of a drug after repeated use
Term
Extinction
Definition
(a) in classical conditioning, the dying out of the conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus; (b) in operant conditioning, the weakening of a response after a period without reinforcement
Term
Fixed-interval schedule
Definition
rule for delivering reinforcement for the first response that the subject makes after a specified period of time has passed
Term
Fixed-ratio schedule
Definition
rule for delivering reinforcement only after the subject has made a specific number of correct responses
Term
Intermittent reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement for some responses and not for others
Term
Intervening variable
Definition
something that we infer without directly observing it and that links a variety of procedures to a variety of possible responses
Term
Law of effect
Definition
Thorndike’s theory that a response followed by favorable consequences becomes more probable and a response followed by unfavorable consequences becomes less probable
Term
Learning curve
Definition
graphical representation of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning
Term
Methodological behaviorist
Definition
psychologist who studies only measurable, observable events but sometimes uses those observations to make inferences about internal events
Term
Negative punishment
Definition
decrease in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as food
Term
Negative reinforcement
Definition
increase in the future probability of a response because it led to the absence of something such as pain
Term
Omission training
Definition
learning to suppress a behavior that would lead to the omission of an event such as food
Term
Operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning)
Definition
process of changing behavior by following a response with reinforcement
Term
Parsimony
Definition
(literally, stinginess) scientists’ preference for the theory that explains the results using the simplest assumptions
Term
Positive reinforcement
Definition
strengthening a behavior through the presentation of an event such as food
Term
Preparedness
Definition
concept that evolution has prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others
Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
event that is reinforcing because of its own properties
Term
Punishment
Definition
event that decreases the probability that a response will be repeated
Term
Radical behaviorist
Definition
one who denies that internal, private events are causes of behavior
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
event that increases the future probability of the most recent response
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
event that follows a response and increases the later probability or frequency of that response
Term
Schedule of reinforcement
Definition
rule or procedure linking the pattern of responses to the reinforcements
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
event that becomes reinforcing because it has previously been associated with a primary reinforcer
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
perception of one’s own ability to perform a task successfully
Term
Sensitive period
Definition
time early in life during which some kind of learning occurs most readily
Term
Shaping
Definition
technique for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations
Term
Skeletal responses
Definition
movements of the muscles that move the limbs, trunk, and head
Term
Social-learning approach
Definition
view that people learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others and by imagining the consequences of their own behavior
Term
Spontaneous recovery
Definition
temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay
Term
Stimulus control
Definition
ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others
Term
Stimulus generalization
Definition
(a) in classical conditioning, the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli; (b) in operant conditioning, the tendency to make a similar response to a stimulus that resembles one that has already been associated with reinforcement
Term
Stimulus-response psychology
Definition
field that attempts to explain behavior in terms of how each stimulus triggers a response
Term
Structuralism
Definition
attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind
Term
UCR (unconditioned response)
Definition
automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Term
UCS (unconditioned stimulus)
Definition
stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
Term
Unconditioned reflex
Definition
automatic connection between a stimulus and a response
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
Term
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Definition
stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditioned response
Term
Variable-interval schedule
Definition
rule for delivering reinforcement after varying amounts of time
Term
Variable-ratio schedule
Definition
rule for delivering reinforcement after varying numbers of correct responses
Term
Vicarious reinforcement (or vicarious punishment)
Definition
observed reinforcement or punishment experienced by someone else
Term
Visceral responses
Definition
activities of the internal organs
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