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FLASH CARD CHAPTER 6
STUDY
75
Sociology
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2013

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Term
Term
Definition
Description
Term
Capital punishment
Definition
The death penalty (page 176)
Term
Crime
Definition
A violation of a norm that has been codified into law (page 172)
Term
Criminal justice system
Definition
A collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws (page 176)
Term
Cyberbullying
Definition
The use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone (page 169)
Term
Desistance
Definition
The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over the life course (page 174)
Term
Deterrence
Definition
An approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes (page 174)
Term
Deviance
Definition
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (page 154)
Term
Deviance avowal
Definition
Process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process (page 166)
Term
Differential association theory
Definition
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers (page 160)
Term
Incapacitation
Definition
An approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them (page 176)
Term
In-group orientation
Definition
Among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity (page 165)
Term
Innovators
Definition
Individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them (page 159)
Term
Labeling theory
Definition
Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person (page 161)
Term
Outsiders
Definition
According to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society (page 165)
Term
Passing
Definition
Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to (page 165)
Term
Pilfering
Definition
Stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again (page 174)
Term
Positive deviance
Definition
Actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic (page 176)
Term
Primary deviance
Definition
In labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant (page 161)
Term
Property crime
Definition
Crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson (page 172)
Term
Rebels
Definition
Individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means (page 159)
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
An approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty (page 176)
Term
Retreatists
Definition
Individuals who reject both society's approved goals and the means by which to achieve them (page 159)
Term
Retribution
Definition
An approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal (page 176)
Term
Ritualists
Definition
Individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means (page 159)
Term
Secondary deviance
Definition
Iin labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant (page 161)
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
An inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true (page 164)
Term
Social control
Definition
The formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion (page 159)
Term
Stigma
Definition
Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction (page 164)
Term
Structural strain theory
Definition
Robert Merton's argument that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual's ability to achieve those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject either the goals or the means or both (page 159)
Term
Tertiary deviance
Definition
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon (page 161)
Term
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
Definition
An official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 17,000 law enforcement agencies (page 172)
Term
Violent crime
Definition
Crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery (page 172)
Term
White collar
Definition
Crime crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation (page 172)
Term
Term
Definition
Description
Term
Aggregate
Definition
A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)
Term
Anomie
Definition
"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)
Term
Authority
Definition
The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)
Term
Category
Definition
People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)
Term
Charismatic authority
Definition
Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142)
Term
Coercive power
Definition
Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)
Term
Compliance
Definition
The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)
Term
Crowd
Definition
A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)
Term
Dyad
Definition
A two-person social group (page 132)
Term
Expressive leadership
Definition
Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)
Term
Group
Definition
A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)
Term
Group dynamics
Definition
The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)
Term
Group cohesion
Definition
The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)
Term
Groupthink
Definition
In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)
Term
Honor killing
Definition
The murder of a family member -- usually female -- who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)
Term
Identification
Definition
A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)
Term
Ilegal- rational authority
Definition
Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)
Term
Influential power
Definition
Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)
Term
In-group
Definition
A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)
Term
Instrumental leadership
Definition
Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)
Term
Internalization
Definition
The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)
Term
McDonaldization
Definition
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)
Term
Out-group
Definition
Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)
Term
Power
Definition
The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)
Term
Prescriptions
Definition
Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)
Term
Primary groups
Definition
The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)
Term
Proscriptions
Definition
Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137)
Term
Rationalization
Definition
The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)
Term
Reference group
Definition
A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)
Term
Secondary groups
Definition
Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)
Term
Social identity theory
Definition
A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)
Term
Social influence (peer pressure)
Definition
The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)
Term
Social loafing
Definition
The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)
Term
Social network
Definition
The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)
Term
Social ties
Definition
Connections between individuals (page 125)
Term
Traditional authority
Definition
Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141)
Term
Triad
Definition
A three-person social group (page 132)
Term
Virtual communities
Definition
Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129)
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