Shared Flashcard Set

Details

First semester test
vocab and stuff need to know
111
History
10th Grade
12/13/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Menes
Definition
United Lower and Upper Egypt
Term
Hyksos
Definition
Asiatic people that took over Egypt in 1650 and brought in horse-drawn chariots.
Term
Hatshepsut
Definition
One of the first woman rulers about whom written records have been found.
Term
Sargon
Definition
Most powerful of the Akkadian kings. Ruled from about 2350 B.C. to 2300 B.C. Established the Akkadian  Empire.
Term
Hammurabi
Definition
Babylonian ruler that came into power around 1792 B.C. Conquered most of the upper Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Wrote the Code of Hammurabi, a code of very strict laws.
Term
Nebuchadnezzar
Definition
Leader of the Chaldeans that rebuilt the city of Babylon and built the Hanging Gardensfor his wife. 
Term
Cyrus the Great
Definition
Leader of the Persians after leading a rebellion against Medes. Ruled from 559 B.C.- 529 B.C. Treatedeverone fairly and gave money to the Hebrews so that they could rebuild their temple. 
Term
Darius I
Definition
Cyrus' son. Ruled from 522- 486 B.C. Expanded empire west and reorganized government
Term
Abraham
Definition
Patriarch leader of the Hebrews
Term
Moses
Definition
Lead the Hebrew people out of Egypt in 1290 B.C.
Term
Hieroglyphics
Definition
pictures or symbols to indicate words or sounds
Term
Monarchy
Definition
a form of government headed by a king or queen
Term
Dynasty
Definition
family of rulers whose right to rule is hereditary
Term
Polytheism
Definition
 believes in the existence of many gods.
Term
Caravans
Definition
 groups of people traveling together for safety over long distances
Term
economy
Definition
economic system based on the use of money rather than on barter
Term
City-state
Definition
 form of government that consisted of a town or city and the surrounding land is controlled
Term
 Cuneiform
Definition
 Sumerian method of writing using a stylus to make combinations of wedge shapes.
Term
Calvary
Definition
military units of soldiers on horses
Term
Barter
Definition
exchange of one commodity or service for another.
Term
6000 B.C.
Definition
Neolithic culture develops in Nile Valley
Term
After 3200 B.C.
Definition
Upper and Lower Egypt are unified
Term
1792 B.C.
Definition
Hammurabi's regin begins
Term
926 B.C.
Definition
Israel is divided into kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Term
722 B.C
Definition
Assyrians conquer Israel
Term
900 B.C
Definition
Assyrians conquer mesoptoamia 
Term
612 B.C
Definition
Niniivah is destroyed
Term
600 B.C.
Definition
Lydians invent coined money. 
Term
The Old Kingdom
Definition
The Old Kingdom existed from 2650 to 2180 B.C.
Term
The Middle Kingdom
Definition
The Middle Kingdom existed from 2040 to1650 B.C.
Term
The New Kingdom
Definition
The New Kingdom existed from 1570 to 1100 B.C.
Term
The Sumerians
Definition
The Sumerians had the Major city states Ur, Erech, and Kish
Term
The Akkadians
Definition
The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians in 2330 B.C.
Term
Nile River
Definition
source that helped civilizations farm easier and develop a writing plant called paprus
Term
Mesopotamia
Definition
Land between river, many important civilizations such as the summerians,babylonians,assyrians, and chaldean established here
Term
Egypt
Definition
country, where people developed a remarkable culture. It is the capital of the pyramids. The biggest pyramids of the wolrd are located here.
Term
Babylonia
Definition
Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad.
Term
Sumer
Definition
here neolithic people settled, grew crops, and over time created what we call sumerian culture.
Term

Socrates

Definition
One of history’s grates thinkers and teachers, lived in Athens from 470 B.C. to 399 B.C. The son of a sculptor and a midwife. Served as an infantry soldier during the Peloponnesian Wars before becoming a teacher. Socrates criticized Athenian education, especially the teachings of the Sophists. Socrates did not rely on the teaching method of memorization. He wanted people to think for themselves. Believed that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” He taught by engaging his students in logical discussions. Wanted people to understand the real meaning for them of love, friendship, duty, patriotism, honor, justice, and other concepts. His enemies accused him of denying the existence of many Greek gods. The Athenian leaders brought him to trial on charges of impiety and for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth. Did very little to defend himself and refused to allow any compromise in his sentencing and ultimately forced to drink hemlock and accept his fate of death.
Term
Plato
Definition
a wealthy young aristocrat and the greatest of Socrates’ students. Traveled throughout the Mediterranean region. Wrote dialogues on education, justice, virtue, and religion.  Plato’s ideal “aristocrats” were philosophers, chosen for their wisdom, ability, and “correct” ideas about justice.
Term
Aristotle
Definition
Examined the acts and beliefs of individuals to learn what brought them the greatest happiness. He concluded that the Greek ideal of style in the arts balance, order, and restrains also represented the ideal in terms of human behavior. His perfect government harmonized the best aspects of the three types and was a kind of limited democracy. His political writings reflected his study of Greek culture and his experiences in public life.
Term
Phillip II of Macedonia
Definition
Became king. As a youth he was a hostage to the Thebes for three years. Wanted to be a strong king and to control the unruly Macedonian nobles and people. Instead of depending on the nobles to supply troops for an army, Philip recruited the first regular paid army in Macedonian history. One of the elements of Philip’s army was the cavalry, infantry, and phalanx. . As Philip and his army relentlessly marched south, traitors betrayed some city-states. This supported Philip’s boast that with enough gold he could take any fortress. One by one, other city-states fell to Philip’s army. Used his army to conquer surrounding people. Was assassinated in 336 B.C. at his daughter’s wedding.
Term
Demosthenes
Definition
Tried to make Athenians aware of the danger he believed Philip II of Macedonia posed. He bitterly attacked Philip in a series of speeches to the Assembly and tried to get Athens to lead the Greeks once more in a fight for liberty. Demosthenes did spur the Athenians for action. As so often happed in Greek history, however, the city-states failed to present a unified defense.
Term
Alexander the Great
Definition
Received his military training in the Macedonia. Born in Pella, capital of Macedonia. Aristotle tutors 14-yr old Alexander. Alexander commands cavalry under Philip II at Battle of Chaeronea at 18 years of age. Never lost a battle in 13 years and had conquered much of the world known to him. He purposely spread Greek culture as he and his army traveled. He established more than 70 cities, encouraged integration of the Macedonians and the Persians into one ruling group to run his empire more efficiently, and wanted his subjects to consider him to be a diving monarch, a god-king. His achievements influenced Western civilization for centuries as we know it.
Term
Pythagoras
Definition
Best remembered for his development of the Pythagorean Theorem. Was a philosopher with great contribution to Greek philosophy which encompassed all categories of knowledge, including what we know today as mathematics and science.
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
considered the founder of medicine, taught that all disease comes from natural causes, not as punishment from the gods. He believe that res, fresh air, and proper diet made the best cures. Had high ideals for physicians. Today medical doctors still take the Hippocratic oath.
Term
Herodotus
Definition
 An enthusiastic writer and the first historian of the Western world, visited Babylonia, Phoenicia, and Egypt. He included his impressions of these countries and their people in his histories. A fascination writer and a wonderful storyteller, He exaggerated at times but always carefully distinguished between the things he had personally seen or investigated and those he had been told. He often expressed doubt about legends but reported them for whatever they might be worth. Historians still consult his writing for information about the world during his time, and he is often called the Father of History.
Term
Thucydides
Definition
Became famous for his History of the Peloponnesian War Thucydides believed that studying the past yields an understanding of human nature, and the strove to make his account of history reflect this belief. To aid this understanding, he tried to make his history unbiased and accurate.
Term
Aeschylus
Definition
 wrote of old religious beliefs concerning the relationship between gods and people. His three most famous plays centered on the murder of Agamemnon, the king who led the Greeks against Troy, and the revenge that followed.
Term
Sophocles
Definition
Another writer of tragedies who defended traditional values, Aristotle called Sophocles’ most famous play Oedipus Res, a perfect example of tragedy.
Term
Euripides
Definition
He questioned many old beliefs and ideas. Earlier writers often glorified war for its deeds of courage and heroism. In The Trojan Woman, Euripides showed the reality of war, exposing all its pain and misery
Term
Aristophanes
Definition
The finest writer of comedies. In Clouds he poked fun at Socrates for Aristophanes also disliked war and used comedy to make Athenians think about its causes and consequences. In some of his plays, women controlled the peace during war. This amused the Athenians greatly because of their opinion that women had no interest in and no skill at politics.
Term
Hellenistic culture
Definition
culture founded on Greek ideas and features from other cultures of the Mediterranean region
Term
Philosopher
Definition
literally “lover of wisdom” one who studies philosophy
Term
Philosophy
Definition
study of the most fundamental questions of reality and human existence
Term
Dramas
Definition
play containing action or dialogue and usually involving conflict and emotion
Term
Tragedies
Definition
form of Greek drama that shows the major character struggling against fate
Term
Hubris
Definition
excessive pride in one self or one’s accomplishments often seen in heroes in greek drama
Term
Comedies
Definition
early greek plays that mocked ideas and people
Term
infantry
Definition
groups of soldiers trained and equipped to fight on foot
Term
Phalanx
Definition
military formation composed of rows of soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder and equipped with long spears
Term
Orators
Definition
public speakers
Term
478 B.C.
Definition
Greek city states form Delian league
Term
400 b.c.
Definition
Golden age of Greece
Term
399 BC
Definition
Socrates dies
Term
336 - 323 B.C
Definition
Alexander the Great rules and dies
Term
301 B.C
Definition
Alexander's Empire is divided
Term
404 B.C
Definition
Athens surrenders
Term
331 B.C
Definition
Alexander the Great defeats the persians
Term
431 - 404 B.C
Definition
The Peloponnesian War
Term
359 B.C
Definition
Phillip II of Macedonia became king
Term
336 B.C
Definition
Phillip II was assasinated
Term
Macedonia
Definition
The powerful empire led by Alexander the Great . It fell to Rome in 168 B.C.
Term
Athens
Definition
Capitol and largest city in Greece. Had a lot of art, drama, and culture to it. A lot of philosophers came from Athens. Athens was sparts Rival.
Term
Egypt
Definition
Country in Northern Africa that contained a lot of Pyramids. Along with being the home of the pyramids, it was the home of statues as well.Ex: Sphinx. The Nile River flows through Egypt.
Term
Syria
Definition
County in Southwest Asia between the Mediteranean Sea and Iraq. It is one of the three Kingdoms that Alexander's empire, Macedonia, was broken into.
Term
Indus River
Definition
Site of earliest civilization located in present day Pakista
Term
Sparta
Definition
A city state in Greece. It was very militaristic and was Athens rival.
Term
Susa
Definition
Was incorporated by Sargon the Great into his Akkadian Empire in 1330 B.C.
Term
Romulus
Definition
According to legend, Romulus founded the city of Rome
Term
Spartacus
Definition
Roman slave who died in battle during the revolt in 73 B.C.
Term
Marius
Definition
Military hero who allowed people without property to join the army
Term
Sulla
Definition
Consul who carried out a reform program aimed at restoring senatorial power with success
Term
Pompey
Definition
Part of the first Triumvirate, was defeated by Caesar at the battle of Pharsalus
Term
Cleopatra
Definition
Lover of Marc Antony, put on the throne in Egypt by Caesar
Term
Marc Antony
Definition
Part of the Second Triumvirate, reconquered Asia Minor from the armies of Brutus and Cassius
Term
Nero
Definition
Hated Roman ruler, believed to have started the fire of 64 A.D., built Domus Aureus
Term
Hadrian
Definition
Responsible for building fortifications along the northern frontier of Britania
Term
Marcus Aurelius
Definition
The last of the 5 good emporers who preferred studying stoic philosophy to fighting wars
Term
Galen
Definition
A Roman physician once considered as the greatest authority on medicine
Term
Ptolemy
Definition
He was a mathematician, an astronomer, a geographer, and a poet
Term
Constantine
Definition
First Christain Roman emporer who issued religious tolerance in Rome and turned Byzantium into Constantinople
Term
Commodus
Definition
Son of Marcus Aurelius, first time a son succeeds his father since Titus succeeded Vespasian
Term
Julius Caesar
Definition
Member of the First Triumvirate, nephew of Marius, very popular emporer, was killed on the Ides of March (March 15) by Marcus Brutus
Term
Octavian
Definition
"First Augustus", divided the Roman world alongside Marc Antony, and defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium
Term
Attila
Definition
Ruler of the Huns
Term
Vespasian
Definition
Anti-Nero, not of royal blood
Term
Tribunes
Definition
10 officials elected by the assemblies that could refuse to approve senate bills and the actions of public officials if tey thought they were contrary to public interest
Term
Consuls
Definition
two officials elected for one year terms. They served as chief executives who ran the government and served as military commanders.
Term
Praetors
Definition
these officials were elected to aid consuls. In times of war, these officials commanded armies, and in times of peace, they oversaw the legal system.
Term
Censors
Definition
these officials were elected every 5 years for terms of 18 months. They categorized citizens according to wealth, and could appoint candidates to the senate. They also oversaw moral conduct of the citizens
Term
Pax Romana
Definition
This time of peace was called Pax Romana or "Roman Peace". This was the most peaceful time in Roman history.
Term
Colonus
Definition
This was a new type of agricultural worker. They began to replace slaves on large estates. They rented small plots of land from the owner, had to stay on the land for a certain time period, and payed the owner with a percentage of their crops.
Term
Martyrs
Definition
These people were put to death because they would not renounce their beliefs.
Term
Pope
Definition
These people assumed power over the church. They were the succesors to Peter who was the first Pope of the church
Term
Collegia
Definition
this was an ancient trade association. This group was forced to stay at their jobs and was told to perform  certain tasks.
Term
Itally
Definition
Roman Republic was founded
Term
Carthage
Definition
City in Northern Africa. Went to war and was destroyed by Rome in the Punic Wars
Term
Actium
Definition
Battle where Octavius defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Eventually led to the fall of the republic and establishment of the empire
Term
Nazareth
Definition
Place from which Jesus came from, the Jewish prophet who started Christianity.
Term
Constantinople
Definition
Powerful city established under the rule of Constantine over the Greek capital of Byzantine.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!