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first half study guide: Insect Diversity
Bizarre Bugs Alien Empire - Midterm 1 - first half of study guide - insect diversity
26
Science
Undergraduate 3
03/10/2015

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Term
How doe insects compare in species diversity with other animals in the world?
Definition
THE most diverse group of organisms on planet
Term
insects represent how many of the animal species on earth?
on land?
Definition
insects represent 73% of all described animal species on earth
and 85% of all land-dwelling animal species
Term
what is the most diverse insect order?
Definition
coleoptera (beetles)
at least 375k beetle species; make up 40% of described insect species
Term
timeline of all major evolutionary events for insects
Definition
most recent to oldest:
tertiary
cretaceous
jurassic -> angiosperms
triassic
permian -> end-permian extinction
carboniferous -> origin of metamorphosis, wing folding, and wings
devonian -> origin of hexipods
silurian -> same^
ordovican
cambrian

*mainly know ones with major events*
Term
cretaceous
Definition
angiosperms
(cretaceous radiation)

details:
Insect diversity increased dramatically following the origin of the
flowering plants (in the Cretaceous). Insects adapted rapidly to the new resource and evolved
new methods of feeding and intimate associations with angiosperm life histories.
Term
permian
Definition
end-permian extinction

details:
At the end of the Permian (230 to 245 mya) there was a major
extinction event that eliminated many orders of very primitive winged insects. I refer to these
orders in the lecture as the Paleozoic insect orders. This may have cleared the way for a major
radiation in the remaining insect orders and especially the Holometabola.
Term
carboniferous
Definition
wings, wing folding, then complete metamorphosis

details:
winged insects first appeared in the fossil record in the Carboniferous
period (350 mya). They almost certainly arose much earlier than that (probably the Devonian)
because the earliest fossils of winged insects had well-developed and complex wings.

Wing folding evolved in the Carboniferous period, not too long
after the evolution of wings in the first place. Wing folding characterizes all Neopterous insect
orders (all orders except Odonata and Ephemeroptera), and has allowed insects to inhabit
burrows, nests, tunnels, and generally protect themselves and their wings.

Metamorphosis evolved sometime late in the
Carboniferous or early Permian. What followed was another radiation in insect diversity.
Term
silurian/devonian
Definition
origin of hexapods

details:
the earliest hexapods probably arose in the Silurian. We have
well-preserved fossils from the Early Devonian. The Silurian was the period when the first land
plants appeared in the fossil record, and insects probably colonized land shortly afterwards.
Term
which insect orders are considered to be the most primitive?
Definition
archaeognatha (bristletails), zygentoma (silverfish)
Term
Which of the orders we learned are primitive hexapods and not actually insects?
Definition
protura, collembola (springtails), diplura
Term
do the taxonomic classification of a Green Darner Dragonfly

Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family: aeshnidae
Genus: anax
Species: junius
Definition
Phylum: Arthropoda
(subphylum: hexapoda)
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Family: aeshnidae
Genus: anax
Species: junius

*the point is just to know the orders, dw about anything past that!
Term
name all apterygote orders
Definition
protura, collembola, archaeognatha, zygentoma

also, first hexapods to appear!
Term
apterygote orders-
what do these orders look like?
Definition
"a" = without
"ptera" = wing
basically, they have no wings
Term
apterygote orders-
in what sorts of habitats would you find these primitive hexapods?
Definition
typically live in damp locations such as leaf litter and soil
(but many zygentoma live in arid enviros)
Term
apterygote orders-
what is ecologically significant about these orders?
Definition
they contribute to breakdown of organic matter in forests and fields.
they provide important source of food for other insects.
Term
What was the special new feature possessed by the dragonflies, damselflies, and mayflies?
Definition
wings!
Term
what were some advantages of the dragonfly and damselfly orders?
Definition
faster, longer dispersal
take advantage of new habitats
reach new sources of food
increased ability to escape predation
new lifestyle - aerial predation
Term
What is a possible explanation for so many gigantic insects in the paleozoic era?
Definition
percentage/concentration of oxygen in air MUCH higher back then than it is now
Term
neoptera orders
Definition
"neo" = new, "ptera" = wing
major event: evolution of wing folding
Term
neoptera orders-
what is unique about them? why is this advantageous?
Definition
wing folding; advantageous bcs you can put them away when not flying, so as to easily roam the land (like beetles)
Term
three types of metamorphosis + order example for each
Definition
ametabolous = no metamorphosis
hemimetabolous = incomplete/partial metamorphosis; gradual development
holometabolous = complete metamorphosis (endopterygotes) ex: lepidoptera
Term
recap of major events in insect evolution:
Definition
I. Origin of wingless hexapods (silurian/devonian)
II. Evolution of wings (carboniferous)
III. evolution of wing folding ( " " )
IV. evolution of complete metamorphosis ( " " )
V. End Permian Extinction (Permian)
VI. Angiosperm radiation (cretaceous)
Term
sequence of geological periods
hint: COSDCPTJC
Definition
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous

*pneumonic: Curiously Odd Students Despise Chocolate, Prefer Tasting Juicy Critters
Term
ametabolous
Definition
no metamorphosis
zygentoma and archeognatha
Term
hemimetabolous
Definition
incomplete/partial metamorphosis; gradual development

odonata, ephemeroptera, plecoptera, embioptera, phasmatodea, orthoptera, dermaptera, grylloblattodea, mantophasmatodea, isoptera, blattodea, mantodea, zoraptera, psocoptera, phthiraptera, thysanoptera, hemiptera
Term
holometabolous
Definition
complete metamorphosis (endopterygotes)
evolution of the pupal stage
nearly complete destruction of larval organs, turned into "soup" and reorganized into the adult insect
advantageous bcs can immatures and adults have completely separate habitats, diets, behaviors; therefore dont compete!

megaloptera, raphidioptera, neuroptera, coleoptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, trichoptera, sihponaptera, strepsisptera, diptera
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