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First Aid Microbiology
6/2
312
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06/02/2012

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Term
What component of bacteria induces the production of TNF and IL-1?
Definition
lipoteichoic acid on the cell wall/ cell membrane of gram positives or lipid A on the outer membrane of gram negatives
Term
Where are the beta lactamases located?
Definition
periplasm
Term
What bacteria has a capsule that is not made up of polysaccharides?
Definition
bacillus anthracis= D glutamate
Term
What type of molecules amke up pilus/fibria and flagellum?
Definition
pilus= glycoprotein
flagellum= protein
Term
What compounds is a spore made out of?
Definition
dipicolinic acid
Term
Name the gram positive rods.
Definition
clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium
Term
Name the bacteria that are gram positive with branching filaments.
Definition
actinomyces and nocardia
Term
Name the pleomorphic gram negative bacteria.
Definition
ricketsia and chlamydiea
Term
Name the spirochetes.
Definition
leptospira, borrelia, treponema
Term
What is unique about the cell membrane/wall of mycoplasma?
Definition
contains sterols and have no cell wall
Term
What is unique about the cell wall of mycobacteria?
Definition
contain mycolic acid and have a high lipid content
Term
What bacteria do not stain well with gram stain.
Definition
treponema, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, and legionella pneumophila
Term
What is unique about the cell wall of chlamydia?
Definition
lacks muramic acid
Term
What bacteria stain well with Giemsa stain?
Definition
borrelia, plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia
Term
What organism stains well with teh periodic acid-Schiff which stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides?
Definition
Whipple's disease= tropheryma whippelii
Term
What stain is used for acid fast organisms?
Definition
Ziehl Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)
Term
What two stains work for cryptococcus neoformans?
Definition
mucicarmine (stains capsule red) and india ink
Term
What is a silver stain used for?
Definition
fungi (PCP), and legionella
Term
What media is used to isolate H. influenzae?
Definition
chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
Term
What agar is used to culture N. gonorrhea?
Definition
thayer martin (or VPN) media= vancomycin (to inhibit gram positives), polymyxin (gram negatives), and nystatin (inhibits fungi)
Term
What agar is needed to culture B. Pertussis?
Definition
bordet gengou
Term
What agar is needed to culture C. diphtheriae.
Definition
tellurite plate; loffler's media
Term
What iagar is used for M TB?
Definition
lowenstien jenson
Term
What is the culture used to culture M. pneumoniae?
Definition
eaton's agar
Term
What media is used for lactose fermenting enterics?
Definition
MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, turning plate pink)
Term
What special culture is used for the lactose-fermenting enteric, E. Coli?
Definition
eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as blue black colonies with metallic sheen
Term
What special culture is used for legionella?
Definition
charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
Term
Name some obligate aerobes.
Definition
M tuberculosis, pseudomonas aerugenosa, bacillus, nocardia
Term
Name some obligate anaerobes.
Definition
clostridium, bacteroides, and actinomyces= lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase so susceptible to oxidative damage
Term
What are the features of anaerobic infections?
Definition
foul smelling (short chain fatty acids), difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H)
Term
Name some facultative intracellular bacteria.
Definition
neisseria, salmonella, legionella, mycobacterium, brucella, francisella, yersinia pestis, listeria
Term
Name the bacteria with capsules.
Definition
strep pneumo, H influenzae type B, neisseria meningitidis, salmonella, klebsiella pneumoniae, group B strep
Term
Name organisms that people with CGD are susceptible.
Definition
catalase positive= S. aureus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Actinomyces, Candida, E. coli
Term
If a vaccine against a polysaccharide capsule is not conjugated to a protein then what event of the immune system is impaired?
Definition
class switching; causing increased amounts of IgM
Term
What are the urease positive bacteria?
Definition
proteus, ureaplasma, H. pylori, klebsiella, nocardia, cryptococcus
Term
What bacteria produce yellow pigments?
Definition
actinomyces and S. aureus
Term
What bacteria produces a red pigment?
Definition
serratia marcescens
Term
What bacteria has the virulence factor protein A?
Definition
S. aureus (binds F3 portion of Ig)
Term
Which bacteria produce an IgA protease?
Definition
S. pneumoniae, H influenzae type B, and Neisseria
Term
What bacteria has the virulence factor, M protein?
Definition
GAS
Term
What type of molecules are exotoxins?
Definition
polypeptides
Term
Which is more potent, exotoxin or endotoxin?
Definition
exotoxin
Term
Are exotoxins stable to heat?
Definition
destroyed rapidly at 60 C (except for staphlococcal enterotoxin)
Term
How stable are endotoxins?
Definition
stable at 100C for 1 hour
Term
What is the MOA of diphtheria toxin?
Definition
inactivates elongation factor (EF 2)
Term
What is the MOA of exotoxin A?
Definition
inactivates elongation factor (EF2)
Term
What is the toxin of psuedomonas aueruginosa?
Definition
exotoxin A
Term
What is the MOA of shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin?
Definition
inactivate 60S ribosome by cleaving rRNA
Term
What's the difference b etween manifestations caused by shiga toxin versus shiga-like toxins?
Definition
shiga= GI mucosal damage leading to dysentery; ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
shiga-like= enhances cytokine release, causing HUS; unlike shigella, EHEC does not invade host cell
Term
Name the bacteria that makes shiga-like toxin?
Definition
Ecoli (EHEC) 0157:H7
Term
What is the MOA of heat labile toxin produced by ETEC?
Definition
overactivates adenylate cyclase leading to increase chloride secretion in gut and H2O efflux
Term
What is the MOA of heat stable toxin of enterotoxigenic ecoli?
Definition
overactivates guanylate cyclase increasing cGMP which causes decreased reabsorption of NaCl and H2O in gut
Term
What is the MOA of yersinia enterocolitica exotoxin?
Definition
heat stable toxin that activates guanylate cyclase decreasing absorption of NaCl and H2O in the gut; this leads to bloody diarrhea and dysentery (Y. enterocolitica invades cells)
Term
What is the toxins likely responsible for the characteristic edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax?
Definition
edema factor (mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme which increases cAMP)
Term
What is the MOA of cholera toxin?
Definition
overactivates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating Gs causing increased Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux
Term
What is the MOA of pertussis toxin?
Definition
overactivates adnylate cyclase (increasing cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
Term
What is the MOA of both tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin?
Definition
cleave SNARE protein required for neurotransmitter release
Term
Tetanospasmin prevents the release of what neurotrnsmitters?
Definition
GABA and glycine
Term
What is teh anem fo the toxin produced by clostridium perfringens?
Definition
alpha toxins: phospholipase that degrades tissue, cell membranes
Term
What are the manifestations of clostridium perfringens?
Definition
degradation of phospholipids causing myonecrosis (gas angrene) and hemolysis (double zone of hemolysis on blood agar)
Term
What is the toxin of strep pyogenes that degrades cell membranes?
Definition
streptolysin O
Term
What is the name of the superantigen of strep pyogenes?
Definition
exotoxin A
Term
What is the name of the superantigen of Staphyloccocus aureus?
Definition
toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
Term
What is the MOA of superantigens?
Definition
bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2 leading to shock
Term
What disease is exfoliative toxin responsible for?
Definition
staph scalded skin syndrome
Term
Name the toxins tha trae ADP ribosylating A-B toxins?
Definition
diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A, heat labile toxin of ETEC, cholera toxin, pertussis toxin
Term
What two bacteria produce superantigens?
Definition
streptococcus pyogenes, and staphylococcus aureus
Term
What is the difference between the function of C3a and C5a?
Definition
C3a= hypotension and edema
C5a= neutrophil chemotaxis
Term
What GAS toxins are responsible for scarlet fever?
Definition
erythrogenic and pyogenic toxins
Term
What does it mean to say a bacteria is "competent?
Definition
able to undergo transformation
Term
Name some competent bacteria?
Definition
S. pneumo, H influenza type B and Neisseria
Term
What is Hfr X F- conjugation?
Definition
F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA, termed Hfr cell; replication of incorporated plasmid DNA may include some flanking chromosomal DNA; transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes
Term
What's the term for genes that can "jump" to a different location on a chromosome?
Definition
transposition
Term
What's the difference between generalized and specialized transduction?
Definition
generalized is when the bacterial DNA is cleaved by phage enzymes and accidently packaged in the virion; specialized is when viral DNA is incorporated in teh the bacterial chromosome and when phage DNA is excised flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it
Term
Whic htoxins are encoded in a lysogenic phage?
Definition
shiga like toxin, botulinum toxin, cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes
Term
Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive=
Definition
staphyloccocus
Term
Gram positive cocci that is catalase + and coagulase neg and Novomiocin sensitive?
Definition
S. epidermidis
Term
What bacteria is gram + cocci, catalse + and novobiocin resistant?
Definition
S. saprophyticus
Term
What type of strep bacteria perform alpha hemolysis?
Definition
s pneumonia and viridans strep
Term
Which Strep species pefrom beta hemolysis?
Definition
GAS and GBS
Term
What strep species perform gamma hemolysis?
Definition
enterococcus (either alpha or gamma hemolytic) and nonenterococcus
Term
How do you differentiate between GAS and GBS?
Definition
GAS is bacitracin sensitive
Term
How do you tell the difference between S pneumo and viridans strep?
Definition
S pneumo has a capsule, is bile soluble (but does not grow in bile) and is optochin sensitive; viridans has no capsule, is not soluble in bile, and optochin resistant
Term
Name the beta hemolytic bacteria.
Definition
staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep agalactiae, listeria monocytogenes
Term
What foods can you get listeria from?
Definition
unpasteurized milk
Term
What disease does listeria cause in newborns?
Definition
meningitis
Term
Describe the movement of listeria monocytogenes?
Definition
tumbling
Term
Describe the resistance of MRSA?
Definition
has an altered penicillin binding protein
Term
What kinds of diseases/problems are caused by staph epidermidis?
Definition
infects prosthetic devices and intravenous catheters by producing adherent biofilms
Term
Strep pneumo is the most common cuase of...
Definition
meningitis, otitis media (in children), pneumonia, and sinusitis
Term
What bacteria is associated with a rusty sputum?
Definition
S pnumo
Term
What bacteria is a common cause of sepsis in sickle cell pateitns?
Definition
Strep pneumo
Term
What viridans strep is responsible for subacute bacterial endocarditis at damaged valves?
Definition
S. sanguis
Term
What causes impetigo?
Definition
GAS
Term
What is CAMP factor?
Definition
protein produced by GBS that enlarges the area of hemolysis formed by S. aureus
Term
What are the group D streptococci?
Definition
enterococci
Term
What kinds of diseases are caused by enterococci?
Definition
UTI and subacute endocarditis
Term
What is the grouping system that classifies strep as group A, B, D, etc.?
Definition
Lancefield grouping based on differences in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall
Term
How ca you differentiate between enterocci and nonenterococci group D strep?
Definition
enterococci can grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
Term
What is the significance of Strep bovis?
Definition
can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients
Term
Are gram negatives resistant to beta lactam drugs?
Definition
they are resistant to penicillin but may be susceptible to penicillin derivatives such as ampicillin. Teh gram negative outer membrane layer inhibits entry of penicillin G and vancomycin
Term
Name some important virulence factors of neisseria spp.
Definition
IgA protease and pilli that vary
Term
Neisseria species that ferments maltose=
Definition
n. meningococci
Term
What N. meningococci subspecies has not vaccine?
Definition
type B
Term
What kinds of diseases are caused by N. gonococci?
Definition
gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, PID, and Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Term
How do you treat N. meningococci?
Definition
with ceftriaxone or penicillin G; rifampin prophylaxis in close contacts
Term
What diseases are caused by haemonphilus?
Definition
epiglottitis, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia
Term
What does H flu look like on gram stain?
Definition
small gram negative (coccobacillary) rod
Term
Name some virulence factors of H flu?
Definition
produces IgA protease and tpye B has a capsule
Term
If you only have blood agar (no chocolate agar) you can grow H. Flu if you...
Definition
grow it with S aureus which will provide factor V
Term
How do you treat H flu?
Definition
treat meningitis with ceftriaxone; rifampin in close contacts for prophylaxis
Term
When do you give the H flu vaccine?
Definition
2 and 18 months of age
Term
How do you dx legionella?
Definition
presence of antigen in urine
Term
T/F there is person to person transmission of legionella.
Definition
false
Term
What is the treatment for legionella?
Definition
erythromycin
Term
Black lesions on the skin could indicate sepsis with...
Definition
pseudomonas aeruginosa
Term
What diseases are caused by psuedomonas?
Definition
pneumonia, sepsis, external otitis, UTI, drug use, diabetic osteomyelitis, hot tub folliculitis, burn infections, malignant otitis externa in diabetics
Term
What is the appearance of Psuedomonas on gram stain?
Definition
gram negative rod
Term
What bacteria has a grape like odor?
Definition
pseudomonas
Term
Is pseudomonas oxidase +/-? lactose fermenting?
Definition
oxidase +, non lactose fermenting
Term
How do you treat pseudomonas?
Definition
aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum penicillin (e.g. pipercillin, ticarcillin)
Term
Name the virulence factors of e coli?
Definition
fimbriae (cystitis and pyelonephritis); K capsule (penumonia and neonatal meningitis), LPS endotoxin- septic shock
Term
What are the two most common causes of gram negative sepsis?
Definition
ecoli > klebsiella
Term
How do you treat e coli infection?
Definition
flouroquinolones or TMP-SMX
Term
What strain of ecoli has similar symptoms to shigella?
Definition
EIEC
Term
Describe the MOA of enteropathogenic e coli?
Definition
no toxin produced; adheres to apical surface, flattens villi and prevents absorption
Term
How can you distinguish EHEC from other e coli?
Definition
ehec does not ferment sorbitol
Term
What is the most common serotype of EHEC?
Definition
0157:H7
Term
What is the MOA of HUS caused by shiga-like toxin?
Definition
endothelium swells and narrows lumen, leading to mechanical hemolysis and reduced renal blood flow; damaged endothelium consumes platelets
Term
What is the presentation of EPEC?
Definition
diarrhea usually in children
Term
Describe the gross appearance of klebsiella colonies.
Definition
very mucoid colonies caused by abudant polysaccharide capsule
Term
What diseases does klebsiella cause?
Definition
aspiration pneumonia, abscess in lungs and liver (esp in alcoholics and diabetics), and nosocomial UTIs
Term
How can shigella and salmonella be differentiated from ecoli?
Definition
shigella and salmonella don't ferment lactose
Term
Is salmonella motile?
Definition
yes it has flagella
Term
What gas is produced by salmonella?
Definition
H2S
Term
What antibiotics do you give to treat salmonella?
Definition
antibiotics may actually prolong symptoms
Term
Does salmonella have an animal reservoir?
Definition
most salmonella spp do except for salmonella typhi
Term
What is teh typical immune response to salmonella?
Definition
monocytic
Term
What are teh features of salmonella typhi?
Definition
rose spots on abdomen, fever, headache, and diarrhea
Term
Where does salmonella resides in carrier state of salmonella typhi?
Definition
gallbladder
Term
How many organisms are needed for infection with salmonella versus shigella?
Definition
shigella require 10 organisms; salmonella requires 100,000
Term
Is shigella motile?
Definition
propels itself with actin polymerization; does not have a flagella
Term
T/F Antibiotics shorten the length of illness with shigella infection.
Definition
true
Term
What is the presentation of shigella infection?
Definition
watery diarrhea that becomes bloody and mucous-y
Term
What is the major cause of blood diarrhea, esp in kids?
Definition
campylobacter jejuni
Term
What bacterial infection is a common antecedent to Guillain-barre syndrome?
Definition
campylobacter jejuni
Term
Describe unique features of campylobacter jejuni?
Definition
comma or S shaped, oxidase positive, grows at 42 degrees celcius
Term
Describe teh unique features of vibrio cholerae?
Definition
comma shaped, oxidase positive, grows in alkaline media
Term
How is yersinia enteroclitica transmitted?
Definition
pet feces, contaminated milk or pork; outbreaks are common in day care centers
Term
What bacterial infection can mimic crohns or appendicitis?
Definition
mesenteric adenitis caused by yersenia enterolitica
Term
Infection with H pylori and accompanying duodenal ulcers is a risk factor for what other diseases?
Definition
peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma
Term
What is the treatment for H pylori?
Definition
tripple therapy= 1. proton pump inhibitor 2. clarithromycin, 3. amoxicillin or metronidazole
Term
How can you visualize borellia?
Definition
aniline dyes (wright's or geimsa) in light microscopy
Term
What bacteria is shaped like a question mark?
Definition
leptospira
Term
How do you get leptospira?
Definition
water contaminated with animal urine
Term
Waht are the symptoms of leptospira?
Definition
flulike symptoms, jaundice, and photophobia with conjunctivitis
Term
What is Weil's disease?
Definition
icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis= severe form with jaundice and azotemia from liver and kidney dysfunction; fever, hemorrhage, and anemia
Term
Ixodes tick is a vector for which diseases?
Definition
borrelia burgdorferi and babesia
Term
What are the features of stage 1 lyme disease?
Definition
flu like illness with erythema chronicum migrans
Term
What are the features of stage 2 lyme disease?
Definition
neurologic (bell's palsy) and cardiac (AV block) manifestations (meningitis)
Term
What are the manifestations of stage 3 lyme disease?
Definition
chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis; subacute encephalitis
Term
How do you treat lyme disease?
Definition
doxycycline and ceftriaxone
Term
What is treponema pertenue?
Definition
causes teh yaws (an infection of the skin and joints that heals with keloids) can cause facial disfigurement and will cause a positive VDRL
Term
How do you treat syphilis?
Definition
penicillin G
Term
What are the symptoms of secondary syphilis?
Definition
disseminated disease with constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash (palms and soles), condyloma lata
Term
From where might you isolate treponemes in patients with syphilis?
Definition
many treponemes are present in chancres of primary syphilis and condyloma lata of secondary syphilis
Term
What are the symptoms of tertiary syphilis?
Definition
gummas (chronic granulomas), aortitis, neurosyphilis (tabes dorsalis), argyl robertson pupil
Term
In what diseases can you get a charcot joint?
Definition
tertiary syphilis (tabes dorsalis) and diabetes
Term
A patient with a stroke who has no history of HTN might be infected with...
Definition
syphilis
Term
How do you diagnose syphilis?
Definition
screen with VDRL and confirm with FTA-ABS
Term
What are the signs and symptoms of congenital syphilis?
Definition
early manifestations= "snuffles"- blood tinged nasal secretions
later= saber shins, saddle nose, CN VIII deafness, Hutchinson's teeth, mulberry molars, frontal bosing
Term
What is the VDRL test?
Definition
detects nonsepcific antibody that reacts with beef cardiolipin
Term
What can cause false positive VDRL?
Definition
viruses (mononucleosis, hepatitis), drugs, rheumatic fever, SLE, leprosy
Term
What causes recurrent fever and what is the vector?
Definition
borrelia recurrentis, carried by the louse
Term
Where do you get undullant fever from?
Definition
brucella spp. from unpasteurized dairy
Term
What causes Q fever?
Definition
coxiella burnetii from spores from tick feces and cattle placenta
Term
What causes ehrlichiosis and what is teh fector?
Definition
ehrlichiosis chaffeensis from teh lone star tick
Term
What do you get francisella tularensis from?
Definition
ticks, rabbits, deer fly
Term
What causes epidemic typus?
Definition
rickettsia prowazekii from lice
Term
Where do you get rocky mountain spotted fever from?
Definition
caused by the bacteria rickettsia rickettsii from dermacentor tick bites
Term
What bacteria causes endemic typhus and what is the vector?
Definition
ricketsia typhus; from fleas
Term
What vectors can give you yersinia pestis?
Definition
flea bites, rodents, prairie dogs
Term
Describe the appearance of gardnerella vaginalis on gram stain?
Definition
pelomorphic, gram-variable rod
Term
What bacteria are associated with bacterial vaginosis?
Definition
gardnerella vaginalis and mobiluncus (an anaerobe)
Term
How do you treat bacterial vaginosis?
Definition
metronidazole
Term
What are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?
Definition
headache, fever, rash (vasculitis) that starts on palms and soles
Term
Describe the symptoms of epidemic/endemic typhus?
Definition
headache, fever, rash (vasculitis) that starts centrally and spreads outward without involving the palms or soles
Term
What ricketsial disease do not cause rash?
Definition
ehrlichiosis and coxiella burnetii
Term
Describe the appearance of ehrlichiosis on peripheral blood smear.
Definition
granulocytes with bery cluster organisms
Term
What is the treatment for all ricketsial diseases.
Definition
doxycycline
Term
How is Q fever different from other ricketsial diseases/
Definition
has no rash, has no vector and has a negative Weil-Felix and tis causative organism can survive outside for a long time and does not have rickettsia as its genus name
Term
What is the Weil felix test?
Definition
antirickettsial antibodies cross-react to Proteus O antigens and agglutinate (Weil-felix is negative in coxiella infection)
Term
What test has replaced the Weil felix test?
Definition
latex agglutination
Term
What infectious agents cause rash on the palms and soles?
Definition
coxsackie A infection, Rocky mountain spotted fever, and syphilis
Term
What are the two forms chlamydiae bacteria can take?
Definition
elementary body (small and dense) is infections and enters cells via endocytosis; reticulate body replicates in the cell by fission and is the form seen on tissue culture
Term
What lab can diagnose chlamydiae infection?
Definition
cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or flourescent antibody stained smear
Term
What diseases are caused by chlamydia trachomatis?
Definition
reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, nongonococcal urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease
Term
How do you treat chlamydiae?
Definition
one time dose of azithromycin or doxycycline
Term
What causes lymphogranuloma venereum?
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, and L3
Term
What neonatal disease are caused by chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D-K?
Definition
neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough) or neonatal conjunctivitis
Term
A rectal infection of what bacteria can mimic ulcerative colitis?
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1 L2 and L3
Term
Patient with flu like symptoms has an xray that looks too severe for their symptoms=
Definition
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Term
What bacterial infection can cause a high titer of cold agglutinins?
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Term
How do you treat mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Definition
tetracycline or erythromycin
Term
What is the only systemic mycosis that is not caused by a dimorphic fungi that is a mold when its cold and a yeast when its hot?
Definition
coccidiodomycosis (it is a spherule, not a yeast, in tissue)
Term
T/F Systemic mycoses are infectious from person to person.
Definition
false
Term
How do you treat local vs. systemic fungal infections?
Definition
local= ketoconazole or fluconazole; systemic= amphotericin B
Term
Bird or bat droppings can give you=
Definition
histoplasmosis
Term
Where is blastomycosis endemic?
Definition
states east of the MS river and central america
Term
What can cause an increase in incidence of coccidiomycosis?
Definition
earthquakes; spores in dust are thrown up in the air and becoem spherules in lungs
Term
What systemic mycosis has a yeast form that is the same size as red blood cells?
Definition
blastomycosis
Term
Describe teh appearance of coccidiodomycosis?
Definition
spherule filled with endospores (much larger than RBC)
Term
Describe the appearance of para-coccidiodomycosis.
Definition
budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation; much larger than RBC
Term
What systemic mycosis has yeasts tat are smaller than RBCs?
Definition
histoplasmosis
Term
What causes tinea versicolor?
Definition
malasezia furfur
Term
What is the MOA of malasezia furfur?
Definition
degradation of lipids produces acids that damage melanocytes and cause hypopigmented and/or hyperpigmented patches
Term
What can predispose you to getting tinea versicolor?
Definition
hot, humid weather
Term
How do you treat tinea versicolor?
Definition
topical miconazole, selenium sulfide
Term
How can you definitively diagnose tinea versicolor?
Definition
"spaghetti and meatball" appearance on KOH prep
Term
Which fungi cause the tinea infections?
Definition
dermatophytes (microsporum, trichophyton, and epidermophyton)
Term
How do you definitively diagnose tinea infections?
Definition
see mold hyphae in KOH prep, not dimorphic
Term
What fungi can cause endocarditis in IV drug users?
Definition
candida albicans
Term
How do you treat vaginal candida albicans infection?
Definition
topical azole
Term
How do you treat oral/esophageal candida albicans infection?
Definition
fluconazole or caspofungin
Term
How do you treat systemic candida albicans infection?
Definition
amphotericin B, fluconazole, or caspofungin for systemic
Term
What kinds of diseases are caused by aspergillus fumigatus?
Definition
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with asthma or CF; aspergillomas in lung cavities especially after TB infection; some species of aspergillus produce aflatoxins which are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; invasive and/or disseminated disease in immunocompromised pateints especially in lungs
Term
T/f Aspergillus fumigatus is dimorphic?
Definition
false
Term
What type of fungi produces a conidiophore with fruiting bodies?
Definition
aspergillus fumigatus
Term
Describe the appearance of aspergillus.
Definition
septate hyphae that branch at acute angles; sometimes you'll see conidiophores
Term
Where is cryptococcus neoformans found?
Definition
soil, pigeon droppings
Term
Besides staining with india ink, what can you use that is more specific to dx cryptococcus infection?
Definition
latex agglutination test detects polysaccharide capsular antigen and is more specific
Term
"soap bubble lesions in the brain"=
Definition
cryptococcus neoformans
Term
T/F Most infections with Pneumocystits jiroveci are asymptomatic.
Definition
true
Term
How do you dx pneumocystis jiroveci?
Definition
diagnosed by lung biopsy or lavage; disk shaped yeast forms on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue
Term
What is the treatment for pneumocystis jiroveci?
Definition
TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone
Term
When do you start pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis in AIDS patients?
Definition
when CD4 is less than 200
Term
What is the appearance of sporothrix schenckii?
Definition
dimorphic, cigar-shaped budding yeast that lives on vegetation
Term
T/F Sporothrix schenckii can cause systemic disease.
Definition
not very common
Term
How do you treat sporothrix schenckii?
Definition
itraconazole or potassium iodide
Term
How do you diagnose giardia?
Definition
trophozoites or cysts in stool
Term
How do you diagnose entamoeba histolytica?
Definition
serology and/or trophozoites (with RBCs in teh cytoplasm) or cysts (with multiple nuclei) in stool
Term
Flask shaped ulcers in colon=
Definition
entamoeba histolytica due to rupture of submucosal abscess
Term
What is the treatment for entamoeba histolytica?
Definition
metronidazole and iodoquinol
Term
What is the treatment for cryptosporidium?
Definition
prevention (by filtering city water supplies); no treatment
Term
How do you diagnose cryptosporidium?
Definition
cysts on acid fast stain
Term
What are the symptoms of chongenital toxoplasmosis?
Definition
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications
Term
How do you diagnose toxoplasmosis?
Definition
serology, biopsy
Term
How do you treat toxoplasma gondii?
Definition
sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
Term
How does naegleria get to your brain?
Definition
cribiform plate
Term
How do you diagnose naegleria fowleri?
Definition
amoebas in spinal fluid
Term
How do you treat naegleria fowleri?
Definition
amphotericin
Term
What causes african sleeping sickness?
Definition
Trypanosoma brucei (T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense)
Term
What are the symptoms of Trypanosome brucei infection?
Definition
african sleeping sickness-> enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma
Term
What is the vector for trypanosoma brucei?
Definition
Tsetse fly (a painful bite)
Term
How do you diagnose trypanosoma brucei infection?
Definition
blood smear
Term
How do you treat trypanosoma brucei infection?
Definition
suramin for blood borne disease or melarsoprol for CNS penetration
Term
What malaria type typically has a 48 hr cycle?
Definition
P. vivax/ovale (tertian)What
Term
What type of malaria has a dormant form in the liver?
Definition
P. vivax/ovale
Term
What is cerebral malaria?
Definition
when RBCs parasitized by P. falciparum occlude capillaries in teh brain (can also occlude capillaries in teh kidney and lung)
Term
What type of malaria has a 72 hour cycle?
Definition
P. malariae
Term
What is the name for the ring form of malaria?
Definition
trophozoite
Term
What is the treatment for malaria?
Definition
begin with chloroquine which blocks plasmodium heme polymerase; if resistant use mefloquine. For vivax/ovale, add primaquine for dormant form in liver
Term
Name the dormant form of malaria organisms in the liver.
Definition
hypnozoite
Term
What increases your risk of severe disease from babesiosis?
Definition
asplenia
Term
How do you treat babesiosis?
Definition
quinine and clindamycin
Term
What areas of the world get trypanosoma cruzi?
Definition
south america and texas
Term
How is trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?
Definition
reduviid bug ("kissing bug") a painless bit (much like a kiss)
Term
How do you diagnose trypanosoma cruzi?
Definition
blood smear
Term
What is the treatment for trypanosoma cruzi?
Definition
nifurtimox
Term
What are the symptoms of visceral leishmania donovani infection?
Definition
visceral= spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
Term
How is leishmania transmitted?
Definition
sandfly
Term
How do you diagnose leishmania donovani?
Definition
macrophages containing amastogotes (the form lacking a flagella)
Term
What is the treatment for leishmania donovani?
Definition
cutaneous= sodium stibogluconate
visceral= liposomal amphotericin B
Term
What are the symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis?
Definition
vaginitis: foul smelling greenish discharge; itching and burning
Term
How do you diagnose trichomonas vaginalis?
Definition
trophozoites on wet mount
Term
bannana shaped gametocytes=
Definition
falciparum
Term
How do you treat enterobius vermicularis?
Definition
bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
Term
How do you treat ascaris lumbricoides?
Definition
bedazoles or pyrantel pamoate
Term
How do you diagnose ascaris lumbricoides?
Definition
eggs are visible in feces
Term
What is a pumonary complication of ascaris lumbricoides?
Definition
Loffler's eosinophilic pneumonitis
Term
What are teh symptoms of trichinella spiralis?
Definition
inflammation of muscle; periorbital edema
Term
How do you treat trichinella spiralis?
Definition
bendazoles
Term
How do you treat strongyloides stercoralis.
Definition
bendazoles or ivermectin
Term
How do you treat ancylostoma duodenale or necator americanus?
Definition
bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
Term
What intestinal worms can cause anemia?
Definition
ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus (suck blood from intestinal walls)
Term
What is the transmission/disease of dracunculus medinensis?
Definition
in drinking water; skin inflammation and ulceration
Term
How do you treat dracunculus medinensis?
Definition
niridazole (prolonged extraction)
Term
What is the transmission/disease caused by onchocerca voluvlus?
Definition
transmitted by female blackflies; causes hyperpigmented skin and river blindness; can have allergic reaction to microfilaria
Term
What is the treatment for onchocerca volvulus?
Definition
ivermectin
Term
What is the transmission/disease of loa loa?
Definition
transmitted by deer fly, horse fly, and mango fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva)
Term
What is the treatment of loa loa.
Definition
diethylcarbamazine
Term
What is the transmission/disease caused by wuchereria bancrofti?
Definition
female mosquito; causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (elephatniasis); takes 9 months to 1 year after bit to get elephantiasis symptoms
Term
What is the treatment for quchereria bancrofti?
Definition
diethylcarbamazine
Term
What is transmission/disease of toxocara canis?
Definition
food contaminated with eggs: causes granulomas (if in retina --> blindness); and visceral larva migrans
Term
How is taenia solium transmitted?
Definition
ingestion of larvae encysted in undercooked pork leads to intestinal tapeworms
Term
What is the disease caused by taenia solium?
Definition
ingestion of eggs causes cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, mass lesions in brain ("swiss cheese" appearance)
Term
What is the treatment for taenia solium?
Definition
praziquantel (use bendazoels for neurocysticercosis)
Term
How do you get diphyllobothrium latum?
Definition
ingestion of larvae in raw freshwater fish
Term
What organism leads to vitamin B12 deficiency?
Definition
diphyllobothrium latum
Term
What is the treatment for diphyllobothrium latum?
Definition
praziquantel
Term
How do you get echinococcus granulosus?
Definition
eggs in dog feces are ingested
Term
What is the disease caused by echinococcus granulosus?
Definition
cysts in liver; causes anaphylaxis if echinococcal antigens are released from cysts (surgeons inject ethanol before removal to kill daughter cysts)
Term
What is the treatment for echinoccocus granulosus?
Definition
bendazoles
Term
Name the cestodes (tapeworms).
Definition
taenia solium, diphyllobothrium latum; echinococcus granulosus
Term
Name teh trematodes (flukes).
Definition
schistosoma, clonorchis sinensis, paragonimus westermani
Term
What is the disease caused by schistosoma?
Definition
swimmer's itch; granulomas, fibrosis and inflammation of the spleen and liver; can lead to portal hypertension from eggs stuck in portal vein or squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
Term
How do you get clonorchis sinensis?
Definition
undercooked fish
Term
What is the disease caused by clonorchis sinensis?
Definition
inflammation of the biliary tract leading to pigmented gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma
Term
How is clonorchis sinensis infection treated?
Definition
praziquantel
Term
What is the disease caused by paragonimus westermani?
Definition
inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung; causing hemoptysis
Term
Where do you get paragonimus westermani from?
Definition
undercooked crab meat
Term
How do you treat paragonimus westermani?
Definition
praziquantel
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