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First Aid Classic Disease Presentations and Associations
Classic Disease Findings, Symptoms, and Associations for USMLE Step 1
342
Medical
Professional
03/13/2012

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Term
Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
Definition
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
Term
Achilles tendon xanthoma
Definition
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Term
Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
Definition
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
Term
Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
Definition
Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
Term
Athlete with polycythemia
Definition
EPO injection
Term
Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
Definition
Pott's disease (vertebral TB)
Term
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Definition
Sarcoidosis (non-caseating granulomas)
Term
Blue sclera
Definition
Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
Term
Bluish line on gingiva
Definition
Burton's line (lead poisoning)
Term
Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
Definition
Paget's disease of bone (increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
Term
Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
Definition
Aortic regurgitation
Term
Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas
Definition
Neurofibromatosis type I
Term
Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma), bilateral acoustic neuromas
Definition
Neurofibromatosis type II
Term
Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
Definition
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
Term
Calf pseudohypertrophy
Definition
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's)
Term
Cherry-red spot on macula
Definition
Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
Term
Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
Definition
Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
Term
Child uses arms to stand up from squat
Definition
Gower's sign (Duchenne MD, X-linked recessive deleted dystrophin gene)
Term
Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body, "slapped cheeks"
Definition
erythema infectiosum, fifth disease/parvovirus B19
Term
Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
Definition
Huntington's disease (autosomal dominant CAG repeat expansion)
Term
Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps
Definition
McArdle's disease (muscle phosphorylase deficiency)
Term
Cold intolerance
Definition
Hypothyroidism
Term
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
Definition
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral→multiple sclerosis, unilateral→stroke)
Term
Continuous "machinery" heart murmur
Definition
PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
Term
Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
Definition
Myxedema (hypothyroidism and Graves)
Term
Dark purple skin/mouth nodules
Definition
Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8 associated)
Term
Deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation
Definition
Kussmaul breathing (DKA)
Term
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Definition
Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
Term
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
Definition
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
Term
Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Definition
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at innoculation site)
Term
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Definition
Sjögren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
Term
Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Definition
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
Term
Elastic skin, hypermobility of joints
Definition
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)
Term
Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Definition
Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
Term
Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
Definition
Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
Term
Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Definition
Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
Term
Fat, female, forty, and fertile
Definition
Acute cholecystitis (bile duct blockage)
Term
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis
Definition
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
Term
Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
Definition
Measles (Morbillivirus)
Term
Fever, night sweats, weight loss
Definition
B symptoms (lymphoma) or TB
Term
Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
Definition
Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
Term
Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
Definition
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
Term
Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
Definition
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
Term
Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
Definition
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increase cancer risk)
Term
Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms
Definition
Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
Term
Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Definition
Alport's syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)
Term
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Definition
Trousseau's sign (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
Term
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility
Definition
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
Term
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis
Definition
Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism)
Term
Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
Definition
"Blue bloater" (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
Term
Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion; nonpainful
Definition
chancre of primary syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Term
Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion; painful, with exudate
Definition
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Term
Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
Definition
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
Term
Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
Definition
Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
Term
Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, structural heart defect
Definition
Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
Term
Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever
Definition
Charcot's triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)
Term
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Definition
Squamous cell carcinoma
Term
Large rash with bull's-eye appearance
Definition

Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)

Term
Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Definition
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
Term
Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
Definition
Bruton's disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
Term
Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
Definition
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
Term
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth
Definition
Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
Term
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Definition
Wegener's (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
Term
Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
Definition
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
Term
No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
Definition
Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
Term
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Definition
Multiple sclerosis
Term
Oscillating slow/fast breathing
Definition
Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure)
Term
Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
Definition
Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
Term
Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
Definition
Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
Term
Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
Definition
Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
Term
Painless, erythematous lesions on palms and soles
Definition
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
Term
Painless jaundice
Definition
Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
Term
Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (child)
Definition
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
Term
Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
Definition
Wermer's syndrome (MEN I)
Term
Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
Definition
"Pink puffer" (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
Term
Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
Definition
Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
Term
Positive anterior "drawer sign"
Definition
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Term
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Definition
Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
Term
Pupil accomodates but doesn't react
Definition
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
Term
Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)
Definition
Guillain-Barré syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
Term
Rash on palms and soles
Definition
Secondary syphilis, RMSF
Term
Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
Definition
Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
Term
Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patient
Definition
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Term
Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Definition
Paget's disease of breast (underlying neoplasm)
Term
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
Definition
Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria
Term
Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
Definition
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
Term
Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
Definition
Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
Term
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance
Definition
Pompe's disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)
Term
Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Definition
Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis)
Term
Severe jaundice in neonate
Definition
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Term
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
Definition
McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
Term
Short stature, increased incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
Definition
Fanconi's anemia (genetically inherited; often progresses to AML)
Term
Single palm crease
Definition
Simian crease (Down syndrome)
Term
Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis
Definition
Kartagener's syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)
Term
Skin hyperpigmentation
Definition
Addison's disease (primary adrenocortical insufficiency of autoimmune or infectious etiology)
Term
Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
Definition
Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne)
Term
Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Definition
Koplik spots (measles)
Term
Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
Definition
Condylomata lata (secondary syphilis)
Term
Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Definition
Bacterial endocarditis
Term
Strawberry tongue
Definition
Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
Term
Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney
Definition
Turner syndrome (45X)
Term
Short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema
Definition
Turner syndrome (XO)
Term
Sudden, swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
Definition
Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
Term
Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
Definition
Skurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
Term
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Definition
Osteroarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard's nodes], DIP [Heberdon's nodes])
Term
Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
Definition
Aortic valve stenosis
Term
Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
Definition
Sipple's syndrome (MEN IIa)
Term
Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
Definition
Babinski's sign (UMN lesion)
Term
Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
Definition
Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
Term
Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
Definition
Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)
Term
Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)
Definition
Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
Term
Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis
Definition
Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)
Term
Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
Definition
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
Term
Waxy casts with very low urine flow
Definition
Chronic ESRD
Term
WBC casts in urine
Definition
Acute pyelonephritis
Term
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
Definition
Whipple's disease (Topheryma whippelii)
Term
"Worst headache of my life"
Definition
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Term
Anti-centromere Abs
Definition
Scleroderma (CREST)
Term
Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Definition
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
Term
Anti-glomerular basement membrane Abs
Definition
Goodpasture-s syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
Term
Anti-histone Abs
Definition
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, INH, phenytoin, procainamide)
Term
Anti-IgG Abs
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Anti-mitochondrial Abs
Definition
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Term
Female, cholestasis, portal hypertension, pruritis
Definition
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Term
c-ANCA
Definition
Wegener's
Term
p-ANCA
Definition
Microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome
Term
ANAs (anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
Definition
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
Term
Anti-platelet Abs
Definition
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (bleeding diathesis)
Term
Anti-topoisomerase Abs
Definition
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Term
Anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin/anti-endomysial Abs
Definition
Celiac disease
Term
Diarrhea, distention, weight loss
Definition
Celiac disease
Term
Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
Definition
Auer rods (AML, especially promyelocytic type)
Term
Bamboo spine on x-ray
Definition
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
Term
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Definition
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
Term
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Definition
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
Term
Bloody tap on LP
Definition
SAH
Term
Boot-shaped heart on x-ray
Definition
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
Term
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Definition
Actinomyces israelii
Term
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor
Definition
Pancoast tumor (can present as Horner's syndrome)
Term
Brown tumor of bone
Definition
hyperPTH, osteitis fibrosa cystica
Term
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Definition
Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
Term
Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
Definition
RPGN
Term
Chocolate cyst of ovary
Definition
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
Term
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Definition
Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
Term
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Definition
Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
Term
Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
Definition
Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
Term
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Definition
Parkinson's
Term
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Definition
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
Term
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Definition
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of ovary)
Term
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Definition
Koilocytes (HPV; predisposes to cervical cancer)
Term
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
Definition
"Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV
Term
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Definition
"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of thyroid)
Term
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Definition
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
Term
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Definition
Lewy body (Parkinson's)
Term
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Definition
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
Term
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Definition
Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
Term
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Definition
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's)
Term
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl-eye")
Definition
Reed-Sternburg cells of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Definition
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
Term
"Hair-on-end" appearance on x-ray
Definition
Beta thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
Term
hCG elevated
Definition
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
Term
Heart nodules (inflammatory)
Definition
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
Term
Heterophile Abs
Definition
EBV
Term
Hexagonal, double-pointed, neddle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Definition
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
Term
Elevated D-dimer
Definition
DVT, PE, DIC
Term
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Definition
Ghon complex (Primary TB)
Term
"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray
Definition
Interstitial fibrosis
Term
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Definition
Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)
Term
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
Term
Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Definition
Anencephaly, spina bifida (NTDs)
Term
Increased uric acid levels
Definition
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
Term
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Definition
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or yellow fever)
Term
Iron containing nodules in alveolar septum
Definition
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
Term
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Definition
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
Term
Lumpy-bumpy appearance of glomeruli on IF
Definition
Poststrep GN (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
Term
Lytic bone lesions on x-ray
Definition
Multiple myeloma
Term
Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst
Definition
Fibrocystic change of the breast
Term
Monoclonal Ab spike
Definition
1. Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
2. MGUS (normal consequence of aging)
3. Waldenstrom's (IgM) macroglobulinemia
4. Primary amyloidosis
Term
Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
Definition
Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda light chains in urine]), waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
Term
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Definition
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
Term
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
Definition
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
Term
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Definition
Gout
Term
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Definition
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
Term
Nutmeg appearance of liver
Definition
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
Term
Onion-skin periosteal reaction
Definition
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
Term
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Definition
Codman's triangle (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
Term
Podocyte fusion
Definition
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
Term
Polished, ivory-like appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Definition
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
Term
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau
Definition
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's and CJD)
Term
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Definition
Glioblastoma multiforme
Term
RBC casts in urine
Definition
Acute glomerulonephritis
Term
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Definition
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
Term
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Definition
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
Term
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Definition
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
Term
Rib notching
Definition
Coarctation of the aorta
Term
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" on histology)
Definition
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14], c-myc activation, associated with EBV)
Term
Silver staining sperical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Definition
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)
Term
Soap bubble in femur or tibia on x-ray
Definition
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
Term
Spikes on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits
Definition
Membranous glomerulonephritis (nephrotic syndrome)
Term
Stacks of RBCs
Definition
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
Term
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
Definition
Clue cells (Gardnerella vaginalis)
Term
Tennis-racket shaped cytoplasmic organelles in Langerhans cells
Definition
Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
Term
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Definition
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
Term
Thumb sign on lateral x-ray
Definition
Epiglottitis (H. flu)
Term
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Definition
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
Term
Tram track appearance on LM
Definition
MPGN
Term
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Definition
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
Term
WBCs that look smudged
Definition
CLL (almost always B cell, affects elderly)
Term
Wire loop glomerular appearance on LM
Definition
Lupus nephropathy
Term
Yellow CSF
Definition
Xanthochromia (SAH)
Term
Actinic (solar) keratoses
Definition
Precursor to SCC
Term
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Definition
Cushing's ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
Term
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Definition
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
Term
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Definition
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
Term
Dissecting aneurysm
Definition
HTN
Term
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Term
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
Definition
Tertiary syphilis, Marfan's
Term
Atrophy of mammillary bodies
Definition
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
Term
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Definition
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
Term
Bacteria associated with stomach cancer
Definition
H. pylori
Term
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis
Term
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Definition
GBS (newborns) and Strep pneumo/N. meningitidis (kids)
Term
Benign melanocytic nevus
Definition
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
Term
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Definition
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
Term
Brain tumor (adults)
Definition
Supratentorial: (from most to least common) mets, astrocytoma (includes glioblastoma multiforme), meningioma, schwannoma
Term
Brain tumor (kids)
Definition
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
Term
Breast cancer
Definition
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (1 in 9 US women develop breast cancer)
Term
Breast mass
Definition
1. Fibrocystic change 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
Term
Breast tumor (benign)
Definition
fibroadenoma
Term
Cardiac tumor (kids)
Definition
Rhabdomyoma
Term
cardiac manifestation of lupus
Definition
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)
Term
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Definition
1. Mets 2. primary myxoma (left atrium, "ball and valve")
Term
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Definition
Chiari malformation (presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
Term
Chronic arrhythmia
Definition
A fib (high risk of emboli, stroke)
Term
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Definition
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
Term
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
Definition
DES exposure in utero
Term
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
Definition
21-hydroxylase deficiency
Term
Congenital cardiac anomaly
Definition
VSD
Term
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Definition
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
Term
Constrictive pericarditis in developing world
Definition
TB
Term
COronary artery involved in thrombosis
Definition
LAD>RCA>LCA
Term
Cretinism
Definition
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
Term
Cushing's syndrome
Definition
1. Corticosteroid tx 2. Excess ACTH by pituitary
Term
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Definition
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosis
Term
Cyanosis (late; more common)
Definition
VSD, ASD, PDA
Term
Death in CML
Definition
Blast crisis
Term
Death in SLE
Definition
lupus nephropathy
Term
Dementia
Definition
1. Alzheimer's 2. Multiple infarcts
Term
Demyelinating disease in young women
Definition
Multiple sclerosis
Term
DIC
Definition
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn, trauma
Term
Dietary deficit
Definition
Iron
Term
Diverticulum in pharynx
Definition
Zenker's diverticulum (dx by barium swallow)
Term
Ejection click
Definition
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
Term
Esophageal cancer
Definition
SCC (worldwide), adenocarcinoma (US)
Term
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
Definition
Staph aureus, B. cereus
Term
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Definition
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
Term
Gynecologic malignancy
Definition
Endometrial carcinoma
Term
Heart murmur, congenital
Definition
Mitral valve prolapse
Term
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Definition
Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IVDA), aortic (2nd in rheumatic fever)
Term
Helminth infection (US)
Definition
1. Enterobius vermicularis
2. Ascaris lumbricoides
Term
Hematoma - epidural
Definition
Middle meningeal artery (crescent shape)
Term
Hematoma - subdural
Definition
Bridging veins (trauma; lentiform shaped)
Term
Hemochromatosis
Definition
Multiple blood transfusions or HFE mutation (can result in CHF, bronze diabetes, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
Term
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Definition
Cirrhosis (assoc. HBV and HCV)
Term
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Definition
von Willebrand's disease
Term
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Definition
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Term
HLA-B27
Definition
ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
Term
HLA-DR3 or DR4
Definition
type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
Term
Holosystolic murmur
Definition
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
Term
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Definition
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
Term
Secondary HTN
Definition
Renal disease
Term
HypoPTH
Definition
Thyroidectomy
Term
Hypopituitarism
Definition
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign)
Term
Infection secondary to blood transfusion
Definition
HCV
Term
Kidney stones
Definition
1. Calcium - radiopaque
2. Struvite (ammonium) - radiopaque (formed by urease-positive orgs like Proteus or Staph)
3. Uric acid - radiolucent
Term
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L to R becomes R to L)
Definition
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary HTN/polycythemia)
Term
Liver disease
Definition
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Term
Lysosomal storage disease
Definition
Gaucher's disease
Term
Male cancer
Definition
Prostatic carcinoma
Term
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Definition
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
Malignant skin tumor
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
Term
Mental retardation
Definition
1. Down's
2. Fragile X
Term
Mets to bone
Definition
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
Term
Mets to brain
Definition
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell), GI
Term
Mets to liver
Definition
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, lung
Term
Mitral valve stenosis
Definition
Rheumatic heart disease
Term
Mixed motor neuron diseaes
Definition
ALS
Term
Myocarditis
Definition
Coxsackie B
Term
Neoplasm (kids)
Definition
1. ALL
2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
Term
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Definition
Membranous GN
Term
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Definition
Minimal change disease (tx with corticosteroids)
Term
Nosocomial pneumonia
Definition
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas
Term
Obstruction of male urinary tract
Definition
BPH
Term
Opening snap
Definition
Mitral stenosis
Term
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Definition
PJP (same as PCP)
Term
Osteomyelitis
Definition
Staph aureus
Term
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Osteomyelitis with IVDA
Definition
Pseudomonas, Staph
Term
Ovarian mets from gastric or breast cancer
Definition
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
Term
Ovarian tumor (benign)
Definition
serous cystadenoma
Term
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Definition
serous cystadenocarcinoma
Term
Pancreatitis (acute)
Definition
gallstones, alcohol
Term
pancreatitis (chronic)
Definition
Alcohol, cystic fibrosis
Term
Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML
Definition
ALL: kid, CLL: adult>60, AML: adult>60, CML: adult 35-50
Term
PID
Definition
N. gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
Term
Philadephia chromosome t(9:22) (bcr-abl)
Definition
CML
Term
Pituitary tumor
Definition
1. Prolactinoma
2. Somatotropic acidophilic adenoma
Term
Primary amenorrhea
Definition
Turner syndrome
Term
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Definition
multiple myeloma
Term
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Definition
Cortical adrenal adenoma
Term
Primary hyperPTH
Definition
1. adenoma
2. hyperplasia
3. carcinoma
Term
primary liver cancer
Definition
HCC (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin)
Term
pulmonary HTN
Definition
COPD
Term
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Definition
Buerger's disease (smoking)
Term
Renal tumor
Definition
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic sydromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
Term
Right heart failure due to pulmonary causes
Definition
Cor pulmonale
Term
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Definition
increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurg, LV failure [CHF])
Term
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Definition
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
Term
Secondary hyperPTH
Definition
hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
Term
STD
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
SIADH
Definition
Small cell carcinoma of lung
Term
Site of diverticula
Definition
Sigmoid colon
Term
Sites of athreosclerosis
Definition
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Term
Stomach cancer
Definition
Adenocarcinoma
Term
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Definition
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
Term
t(8:14)
Definition
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
Term
t(14:18)
Definition
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
Term
t(9:22)
Definition
Philadelphia chromosome (CML) (bcr-abl hybrid)
Term
Temporal arteritis
Definition
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
Term
Testicular tumor
Definition
Seminoma
Term
Thyroid cancer
Definition
Papillary carcinoma
Term
Tumor in women
Definition
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
Term
Tumor of infancy
Definition
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
Term
Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults)
Definition
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
Term
Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids)
Definition
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
Term
Type of Hodgkin's
Definition
Nodular sclerosis
Term
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Definition
Diffuse large cell
Term
UTI
Definition
E. coli, Staph saprophyticus
Term
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
Definition
HSV
Term
Vitamin deficiency (US)
Definition
folic acid
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