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finals
study guide for science
87
Science
5th Grade
05/24/2016

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

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Term
separation of copper from copper ore
Definition
grinding ore to powder, chemical rinsing, heating
Term
mineral
Definition
a solid natural material made of nonliving things in the ground
Term
luster
Definition
the way a mineral reflects light from its surface
Term
hardness
Definition
a measure of how well a mineral resists scratching
Term
streak
Definition
the color of powder left when the mineral is rubbed on a rough surface
Term
crystal
Definition
Term
crystal
Definition
is a solid geometric shape with fixed patterns
Term
gem
Definition
is a mineral that is rare, beautiful and usually transparent and shines with light
Term
rock cycle
Definition
the changing of rocks over time.
Term
sedimentary rock
Definition
a rock that forms from sediments is sedimentary rocks - they are bits and pieces of rock that over time pressure cements the sediments

Limestone and sandstones - used outside of buildings
Term
metamorphic rock
Definition
rock that forms when sedimentary and igneous rocks change under heat and pressure without melting

Slate is a type of metamorphic rock (roofing material bc its waterproof

Marble - used for million dollar floors
Term
igneous rock
Definition
igneous rock forms as lave cools and hardens
Term
what causes an igneous or sedimentary rock to become a metamorphic rock?
Definition
heat and pressure cause igneous and sedimentary rock to become metamorphic without melting.
Term
conglomerate rock
Definition
some sedimentary rocks are made from smaller grounded stones that have been cemented together
Term
what happens to the fossils in limestone as the limestone turns into marble?
Definition
as limestone changes into marble under heat and pressure, the fossils are usually crushed.
Term
soil
Definition
bits of rock and once living organisms.
Term
properties of rocks and minerals
Definition
color
streak
luster
hardness
cleavage - shows lines where mineral breaks
fracture - shows when uneven or rough surfaces
Term
A horizon
Definition
A horizon - contains most nutrients and humus.
Humus is made of decayed organic materials (dead plants & animals). The soil in this horizon is called TOPSOIL.
Term
B Horizon - subsoil
Definition
The B horizon is called subsoil. Has fine particles of rock, such as particles that make up clay
Term
C horizon
Definition
The C horizon is made mostly of larger pieces of rock
Term
How are the A horizon and the C horizon different?
Definition
decayed organic materials and contains nutrients that feed plants. Humus soaks up and holds water more easily than bits of rock. C horizon is made mostly of large pieces of rock.
Term
How is soil used?
Definition
Soils in different places have different properties. Each type of soil supports different plant and animal life. There are 3 types - forest soil, desert soil and grassland & prairie soil.
Term
Desert Soil
Definition
sandy and does not hold much humus. Plants have special adaptations to grow in deserts.
Term
Soil of grasslands
Definition
The soil is rich in humus such as in Rocky Mountains and eastern forests.
Term
Pollution
Definition
Pollution is the addition of harmful materials to soil, air or water. Soil can be polluted by chemicals placed in the ground.
Term
Forest soil
Definition
Forest has a thin layer of topsoil with little humus. Frequent heavy rainfall carries minerals deep into the ground. Plants with shallow roots cannot reach the minerals.
Term
Conservation of soil
Definition
The protection or preservation of natural resources including soil is called conservation.
Term
Fertilization
Definition
Fertilizers containing nutrients are added to soil to replace nutrients.They can choose crops that add nutrients that have been removed by other plants.
Term
Crop rotation
Definition
Farmers can plant different crops on the same land in different years.
Term
Strip Farming
Definition
Farmers plants grasses between rows of other crops to prevent soil from being washed or blown away.
Term
Contour Plowing
Definition
Farmers can slow speed of water flowing down hill by plowing furrows across the slope.
Term
Terracing
Definition
Farmers create terraces that are flat shelves cut into hillsides. Crops are planted along each terrace to slow down speed of water.
Term
Wind breaks
Definition
Planting tall trees along the edges for farmland to slow the speed of wind across the ground.
Term
Fossil
Definition
The remains of ancient organisms preserved in soil or rock.
Term
Bituminous coal
Definition
Peat that hardens and turns into sedimentary rock
(Peat is formed over millions of years from pressure and weight of layers of sediment press ing dead plants together)
Term
Fossil fuel
Definition
A material formed from the decay of ancient organisms and used today as an energy source.
Term
Relative age
Definition
The relative age of rock is how old it is compared to another rock
Term
Absolute age
Definition
The age of a fossil in years
(to find the absolute of a rock you have to find the the absolute age of the rock in which the fossil was found)
Term
Era
Definition
An era is a unit of time measured in millions of years.
Term
Geologic Eras
Definition
A geologic period divides an era into a smaller unit of time
Term
Nonrenewable resource
Definition
A resource that can be used up faster than it is made. It took millions of years to make oil, natural gas and coal.
Term
Renewable resources
Definition
A living or nonliving resource that can be replaced naturally in a short amount of time. Wind, water power and sunlight are nonliving renewable energy sources. Fish and forests include living renewable resources
Term
Alternative energy source
Definition
Any source of energy other than fossil fuel
Term
What are other sources of alternative energy?
Definition
Nuclear Energy - energy in the nuclei of atoms
Geothermal energy - heat from inside earth (volcanoes)
Biomass - plant and animal materials used as fuel
Term
Which keep Earth in its orbit around the Sun?
Definition
Gravity and inertia. As Earth orbits the Sun, it's pulled toward the Sun because of gravity. At the same time, Earth's inertia makes it move away from the Sun.
Term
Solar eclipse
Definition
Solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly between Earth and the Sun. When this happens, the Moon casts a shadow on Earth. A solar eclipse can only occur during a new moon phase.
Term
Lunar eclipse
Definition
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into Earth's shadow and is no longer reached by direct sunlight. This happens when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon. Lunar eclipses happen only during full moon phases.
Term
Tides
Definition
pull of gravity between Earth and the Moon & between Earth and the Sun causes a bulge in the surface of Earth. The pull can be seen in the oceans and other large bodies of water.
Term
Total solar eclipse
Definition
If you are on Earth in the umbra during a solar eclipse, darkness covers the entire face of the Sun and this is called a total solar eclipse.
Term
Partial solar eclipse
Definition
If you are on Earth in the penumbra during a solar eclipse, darkness covers only part of the Sun and this is known as partial solar eclipse
Term
Planet
Definition
A planet is a large object that orbits a star
Term
Moon
Definition
A moon is a natural object that orbits a planet. Different plants have different numbers and sizes of moons.
Term
Satellite
Definition
an object in space that circles around another object. While moons are natural satellites, people put objects in space that orbit Earth or other planets & are called Artificial Satellites.
Term
Comet
Definition
A comet is a mixture of frozen gases, ice, dust and rock that moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Comets are thought to be bits of material left over from the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.
Term
Meteor
Definition
An object that crosses paths with Earth and enters Earth's atmosphere. Most meteors burn up as they travel through Earth's atmosphere. If it lands on ground, it's a meteorite.
Term
Star
Definition
Star is an object that produces its own energy, including heat and light. The cycle of a star depends on how much hydrogen the star contains. All stars form out of a nebula.
Term
Nebula
Definition
A nebula is a huge cloud of gases and dust. All stars form out of a nebula.
Term
Supernova
Definition
When the dense iron core cannot support the weight of the star and the star explodes, the exploding star is called a Supernova.
Term
Black Hole
Definition
A black hole is an object that is so dense and has such powerful gravity that nothing can escape from it, not even light.
Term
Constellation
Definition
A group of stars that appear to form a pattern. Ex. Big Dipper stick figure is part of the Ursa Major constellation. The Little Dipper is part of the Ursa Minor Constellation.
Term
Light-year
Definition
A light-year is at the distance that light travels in a year, or about 9.5 trillion km
Term
Galaxy
Definition
A huge system of stars, gas and dust. When looking through a telescope you might see hazy patches of faint light that may be galaxies.
Term
Mass
Definition
the amount of matter in an object
Term
weight
Definition
Weight is how strongly gravity pulls on an object.
Term
volume
Definition
Measure how much space matter takes up
Term
Matter
Definition
matter is anything that has mass and volume. Almost everything in the world around you is matter.
Term
Density
Definition
Density is the amount of mass for each mL of a substance. To calculate density you divide its mass by its volume.

Density = mass
________
volume
Term
Buoyancy
Definition
This is the resistance to sinking
Term
element
Definition
a material that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical reactions
Term
metal
Definition
metals are elements that share common properties such as shiny luster, conductivity, and flexibility.
Sodium, copper and gold are examples of metals.
Term
atom
Definition
An atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
Term
nucleus
Definition
the nucleus is the center of an atom
Term
proton
Definition
the proton is a particle with one unit of positive electric charge.
Term
neutron
Definition
the neutron is a particle with no electric charge - it is neutral
Term
electrons
Definition
electrons which are contained in atoms are smaller particles with one unit of negative electric charge each
Term
molecules
Definition
molecules are particles with more than one atom joined together.
Term
malleability
Definition
the ability to be bent, flattened or hammered without breaking
Term
ductility
Definition
the ability to be pulled into thin wires without breaking. Copper is often drawn out into wires for conducting electricity in buildings and electrical equipment. Silver and platinum are also ductile.
Term
corrosion
Definition
is when metals combine with nonmetals from the environment Iron corrodes by rusting, which causes the corroded iron to flake away.
Term
semiconductor
Definition
a material that conducts electricity better than a nonmetal, but not as well as a metal.
Term
velocity
Definition
the speed and the direction of a moving object
Term
force
Definition
any push or pull by one object on another
Term
work
Definition
the use of force to move an object a certain distance
Term
energy
Definition
the ability to perform, work or change an object
Term
frame of reference
Definition
a group of objects from which you can measure a position or the motion. Your classroom and the objects inside are a frame of reference.
Term
speed
Definition
speed is how fast an object's position changes over time. To calculate speed, you divide the distance traveled by the time spent traveling.
Term
acceleration
Definition
change in velocity over time for an object. Units of acceleration are units of velocity divided by units of time: meters per second per second.
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