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Organic Chemistry
Pre-School
05/06/2013

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Term
numen, numina
Definition
"Nodder(s)"; spirits in early Roman religion that inhabit and control the operation of individual things or processes; could be summoned to work for human beings through the correct observation of ritual (the sacrificium).
Term
Janus
Definition
Well-known Roman numen (q.v.) of passageways; represented as a man with two faces, one looking forward, the other back.
Term
Jupiter
Definition
Original Roman numen (q.v.) of the sky; equated by the Romans with Zeus
Term
Juno
Definition
Original Roman numen of the women and the family; equated with the Greek Hera.
Term
Ceres
Definition
Original Roman numen of wheat; equated with the Greek Demeter.
Term
Diana
Definition
Roman numen of the wood, women and childbirth; equated with the Greek Artemis.
Term
Mercury
Definition
Roman name given to Hermes; name comes from the Latin word for "merchandise."
Term
Vulcan
Definition
Original god of volcanic fire; equated by the Romans with the Greek Hephaestus.
Term
Neptune
Definition
Original Roman numen of water; came to be identified with the Greek Poseidon, the god of the sea.
Term
Mars
Definition
Original protector god of the flocks; Roman Ares.
Term
Minerva
Definition
Etruscan numen of handicrafts; identified with Athena.
Term
Faunus
Definition
"Kindly one"; the numen of terror produced by isolated places.
Term
Venus
Definition
Roman numen of freshwater springs, gardening, and thereby fertility; the Roman Aphrodite.
Term
Lares
Definition
Roman numina that protect the people in a household.
Term
Penates
Definition
Roman numina of the cupboard in a Roman house; protect food and implements of the household.
Term
Vesta
Definition
The Roman Hestia; protectress of the house and hearth, becomes a national cult, which reflects the centrality of the family in Roman social and political order, in which the state was conceived of as a very large family.
Term
pietas
Definition
"Loyalty, duty"; critical concept in Roman social and political order; embodied by Aeneas in Vergil's Aeneid.
Term
Dido
Definition
Queen of Carthage; helps and is then abandoned by Aeneas.
Term
Turnus
Definition
Local king in Italy who opposes allowing Aeneas and his people to settle.
Term
Europa
Definition
Daughter of Agenor, taken away by Zeus who disguised himself as a bull; becomes queen of Crete.
Term
Minos
Definition
Son of Europa and Zeus; king of Crete during its mythic zenith; leads his forces successfully against Athens.
Term
Pasiphaë
Definition
Wife of Minos, afflicted with a lust for the bull sent by Poseidon.
Term
Daedalus
Definition
Craftsman from Athens who built the Labyrinth, among other things.
Term
Minotaur
Definition
Half-man, half-bull monster born from the union between Pasiphaë and Poseidon's bull; locked in the Labyrinth and eventually killed by Theseus.
Term
Labyrinth
Definition
Inescapable underground maze on Crete built by Daedalus to house the Minotaur.
Term
Nisus
Definition
King of Megara betrayed by his daughter to Minos, who was attacking his city.
Term
Scylla
Definition
Daughter of Nisus, king of Megara, who betrayed him to Minos who was attacking the city; when betrayed by Minos in turn, she became the clipper bird (Ciris).
Term
Icarus
Definition
Rash son of Daedalus who died when the wax that held his wings together melted.
Term
Boeotia
Definition
"Cowland"; area in Greece to the northwest of Attic; its principal city of Thebes is richly productive in myth.
Term
Sparti
Definition
"Sown-men"; so-called because they sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus; reputed ancestors of important aristocratic clans in Thebes.
Term
Antiopê
Definition
Mother by Zeus of Amphion and Sethus; pursued by Nycteus her father, Lycus, her uncle.
Term
Amphion
Definition
One of Antiopê's twin sons; ruled in Thebes with his brother, Zethus; unlike Zethus, he was devoted to music
Term
Zethus
Definition
One of Antiopê's twin sons; ruled in Thebes with his brother, Amphion; unlike Amphion, he was a man of ranching and practical affairs.
Term
Dirce
Definition
Wife of Lycus; tormented Antiopê, mother of Amphion and Zethus, until she herself was put to death by the twins.
Term
Laius
Definition
Son of Labdacus and father of Oedipus; tried to avert the prophecy that he would be killed by his son, but in so trying, fulfilled it.
Term
Jocasta
Definition
Wife of Laius and mother/wife of Oedipus; kills herself when she learns truth of what has happened; called Epicastê by Homer
Term
Oedipus
Definition
"Swollen-foot"; son of Laius and Jocasta; raised in Corinth, he returns to Thebes where he unknowingly fulfills the prophecy that he will kill his father and marry his mother.
Term
Adrastus
Definition
King of Argos, and sole survivor of an Argive expedition against Thebes to put Polynices on the throne.
Term
Tydeus
Definition
Exile from Calydon and one of the seven leaders against Thebes; was nearly made immortal by Athena, but Amphiaraüs thwarted it.
Term
Polynices
Definition
Brother of Eteocles and son of Oedipus; died during the Argive expedition against Thebes to force his brother out.
Term
Amphiaraus
Definition
Prophet and one of the Argive leaders against Thebes; took part even though he knew he would die.
Term
Haemon
Definition
Son of Creon; supported Antigonê's case against his father; killed himself when he realized she was dead.
Term
Epigoni
Definition
The sons of the seven Argive "Seven Against Thebes"; successfully attacked Thebes and ousted the king Laodamas.
Term
Antigone
Definition
A daughter of Oedipus; defied Creon's order that the body of her brother Polynices remain unburied.
Term
Eriphyle
Definition
Wife of Amphiaraüs, who orders him to participate in the Seven Against Thebes campaign.
Term
Eteocles
Definition
One of Oedipus's sons; defended Thebes against a coalition of kings led by his brother, Polynices.
Term
Ismene
Definition
Daughter of Oedipus; is reluctant to help her sister, Antigonê, to defy Creon's order and bury their brother, Polynices
Term
Thessaly
Definition
Area of northern Greece; source of the myth of Jason and the Argonauts.
Term
Iolcus
Definition
Port city in Thessaly; home of Jason.
Term
Apollonius of Rhodes
Definition
Third century B.C. author of the Argonautica; his poetry reflects the Hellenistic aesthetic of minute descriptions and complicated characters.
Term
Jason
Definition
Son of Aeson, hero of the Argonautica. Lives in Corinth, tries to marry Glauce
Term
Athamas
Definition
King of Orchomenus,; nearly tricked by his wife Nephelê into sacrificing his son Phrixus.
Term
Phrixus
Definition
Son of Athamas nearly sacrificed by his father; taken to Colchis on the Black Sea by a golden ram that appeared at the last moment
Term
Hellê
Definition
Daughter of Athamas; taken away on the back of a golden ram; she fell off into a sea which thereafter is called the "Hellespont."
Term
Hellespont
Definition
"Sea of Hellê"; so called because Hellê, the daughter of Athamas, fell into this body of water after having been taken away by a golden ram.
Term
Colchis
Definition
Distant town on the Black Sea; kingdom of Aeëtes, who had the golden fleece Jason seeks in the Argonautica.
Term
Tyro
Definition
Mother of Pelias and Neleus by Poseidon and Aeson, the father of Jason, by Cretheus
Term
Pelias
Definition
King in Iolcus who imprisons his half-brother Aeson and arranges to send Jason on the supposedly hopeless quest for the golden fleece; killed by his daughters who were tricked by Medea into cutting him up into pieces.
Term
Chiron
Definition
Centaur on Mount Pelion who raised Jason.
Term
Argo
Definition
Name of Jason's ship.
Term
Boreads
Definition
Sons of the North Wind (Zetes and Calaïs); able to fly and liberate Phineus from the Harpies.
Term
Phineus
Definition
King of Salmydessus and prophet; offended Zeus by being too generous with his prophecies; his torment by the Harpies was ended by Jason and his crew.
Term
Symplegades
Definition
"Clashing Rocks" that barred access to the Black Sea; cleared by the Argonauts with the help of Athena.
Term
Medea
Definition
Daughter of King Aeëtes who helps Jason get the fleece.
Term
Apsyrtus
Definition
Son of Aeëtes and brother of Medea; joined in the pursuit of Jason and Medea after the fleece had been filched; he was either killed by Jason, or chopped by into bits which were thrown overboard piece by piece to delay the pursuit of Aeëtes.
Term
Talus
Definition
Bronze giant filled with ichor that guarded the island of Crete; overcome by Jason who drained him of the ichor.
Term
Aetolia
Definition
Area in Greece to the north of the western opening of the Corinthian gulf; main city is Calydon.
Term
Calydon
Definition
Main city in the area of Aetolia, home of King Oeneus and location of the famous boar hunt.
Term
Althaea
Definition
Mother of Meleager; in a rage over his murder of her brothers, she threw the magic log that protected him into the fire, thus killing him.
Term
Meleager
Definition
Son of Oeneus and Althaea of Calydon; killed the boar that was ravaging his land, but violated the code of the hunt by giving its skin to Atalanta, whom he wished to seduce; eventually this brought about his death.
Term
Atalanta
Definition
Speedy athlete who took part in the boar hunt at Calydon; eventually married to Melanion who overcame her in a foot race; punished for their lusty consummation of the marriage in the precinct of Zeus by being turned into lions.
Term
Pelops
Definition
Son of Tantalus, and victor of Oenomaüs in the chariot race; father of Atreus and Thyestes.
Term
Oenomaüs
Definition
King of Pisa and father of Hippodamia; defeated and killed in chariot race against Pelops.
Term
Hippodamia
Definition
Daughter of Oenomaüs of Pisa; prize of the famed chariot race won by Pelops with the help of Myrtilus, Oenomaüs's aid.
Term
Thyestes
Definition
A son of Pelops; quarrels with brother Atreus over the kingship in Mycenae; tricked into eating his own sons by Atreus at the Banquet of Thyestes.
Term
Aegisthus
Definition
Avenger son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopia.
Term
Atreus
Definition
Son of Pelops and father of Agamemnon and Menulaüs; quarrels with brother Thyestes over who rules in Mycenae.
Term
Menelaüs
Definition
Son of Atreus and brother of Agamemnon; rules in Sparta after being awarded Helen by Tyndareüs; one of the generals in the Trojan War.
Term
Agamemnon
Definition
Son of Atreus and brother of Menelaüs; rules in Mycenae; leader of the Greek forces in the Trojan War.
Term
Leda
Definition
Mother by Zeus and Tyndareüs of Helen, Clytemnestra, and Castor and Polydeuces (Pollux).
Term
Polydeuces
Definition
Son of Leda and Zeus; brother of Castor, the other Dioscuri.
Term
Helen
Definition
Daughter of Zeus and Leda; married to Menelaüs and taken to Troy by Paris.
Term
Castor
Definition
Son of Leda and Tyndareüs; brother of Polydeuces; the other Dioscuri.
Term
Clytemnestra
Definition
Daughter of Tyndareüs and Leda; married to Agamemnon.
Term
Oath of Tyndareüs
Definition
Taken by the Greek kings to protect the one king who would finally marry Helen.
Term
Peleus
Definition
King of Phthia and father of Achilles.
Ajax Son of Telamon of Salamis (unless qualified by "the Lesser," "Ajax" always refers to Ajax the Greater); one of the most formidable Greek warriors in the Trojan War.
Term
Hecabê
Definition
Wife of Priam, King of Troy.
Term
Aulis
Definition
Bay in Thessaly where the Greek forces mustered for the Trojan War; they were pinned down by contrary winds sent by Artemis there until Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter.
Term
Telemachus
Definition
Son of Odysseus of Ithaca; used by Palamedes to expose Odysseus's feigned insanity.
Term
Palamedes
Definition
Greek warrior noted for cleverness; credited with having created the alphabet among other things; exposed Odysseus's feigned madness to avoid the Trojan War.
Term
Calchas
Definition
Prophet of the Greeks during the Trojan War
Term
Philoctetes
Definition
Warrior abandoned by the Greeks on Lemnos.
Term
Briseïs
Definition
Achilles's war prize demanded by Agamemnon to compensate for his loss of Chryseïs; this is the prozimate cause of Achilles's wrath.
Term
Andromachê
Definition
Wife of Hector; her pathos-filled speech in which she tried to persuade Hector to remain in the city wall is one of the most famous passages in all literature.
Term
Penthesilea
Definition
Leader of a force of Amazons on behalf of the Trojans; killed by Achilles.
Term
Neoptolemus
Definition
Son of Achilles; kills a son of Priam in front of his father's eyes.
Term
Laocoön
Definition
Trojan priest of Poseidon who tries to warn the Trojans against the Trojan Horse
Term
Polyxena
Definition
Youngest daughter of Priam; sacrificed after the war to the ghost of Achilles.
Term
Orestes
Definition
Avenging son of Agamemnon; tried and acquitted of the murder of his mother in Athens before the first Court of the Areopagus.
Term
Electra
Definition
Faithful daughter of Agamemnon; assists her brother Orestes to exact revenge in Mycenae.
Term
Furies
Definition
Ancient pursuer of those who spill familial blood; chase Orestes to Athens, where they are finally disabled.
Term
Eumenides
Definition
"Kindly Ones"; new name for the Furies after being tamed by Athena.
Term
Lotus Eaters
Definition
People encountered by Odysseus; the plant they eat induces a forgetful bliss that nearly costs Odysseus his men.
Term
Cyclopes
Definition
Race of one-eyed, barbaric giants.
Term
Polyphemus
Definition
Cyclops encountered and overcome by Odysseus.
Term
Aeolus
Definition
King of the winds; gives Odysseus a bag that contains the evil winds that will delay his return home; his men, thinking the bag contains treasures, foolishly open it
Term
Laestrygonians
Definition
Race of cannibals, the encounter with whom anticipates and contrasts with Odysseus's reception on Phaeacia.
Term
Circê
Definition
Witch who changes Odysseus's men to swine.
Term
Sirens
Definition
Harpy-like beasts whose song lures sailors to their deaths on the shores; Odysseus has his men bind him to the mast so that he can hear their song.
Term
Charybdis
Definition
Enormous whirlpool just opposite the perch of the monster Scylla; Odysseus must navigate through the two.
Term
Scylla
Definition
Man-eating monster whose perch is just opposite the great whirlpool, the Charybdis; Odysseus must navigate through the two.
Term
Calypso
Definition
Beautiful nymph on the island of Ogygia with whom Odysseus stays for seven years; she offers Odysseus immortality if he will stay.
Term
Phaeacians
Definition
Mythical sea-faring people, on whose island Odysseus is washed ashore after Calypso; Odysseus recounts his earlier adventures in their court
Term
Nausicaä
Definition
Daughter of the king of Phaeacia; she is induced by Athena to go to the shore where Odysseus has washed up; she brings him to the palace.
Term
Eumaeus
Definition
The faithful swineherd on Ithaca with whom Odysseus stays when first arriving home.
Term
Euryclea
Definition
Odysseus's former nursemaid on Ithaca; she recognizes Odysseus by his scar.
Term
Telemachus
Definition
Son of Odysseus; helps his father defeat the suitors.
Term
Livy
Definition
Historian of Rome (Ab urbe condita): his early history of Rome glorifies the selfless devotion of its legendary heroes.
Term
Romulus
Definition
Son of Rhea Silvia and twin of Remus; kills his brother Remus to protect the walls of his new city, Rome.
Term
Remus
Definition
Son of Rhea Silvia and twin of Romulus; killed by his brother Romulus while ridiculing the walls of Romulus's new city: Rome.
Term
Rhea Silvia
Definition
Vestal Virgin and mother by Mars of Romulus and Remus
Term
Sabines
Definition
Neighboring people of the Romans whose daughters were abducted during a festival in Rome.
Term
Tarpeia
Definition
Daughter of a Roman commander bribed by their enemies, the Sabines; name given to a cliff in Rome where traitors were thrown to their deaths.
Term
apotheosis
Definition
"Becoming a god"; Romulus's apotheosis is the mythic paradigm for later Roman emperors.
Term
Horatii and the Curiatii
Definition
Two sets of the tree brothers, who fought against each other to settle a war between the Romans and the Albans; Horatii were Roman, the Curiatii were Alban. Horatii are victorious.
Term
Tarquin the Proud
Definition
Last of the Etruscan kings in Rome; brought down because of the violence of his son Sextus Tarquin
Term
Lucretia
Definition
Dutiful and chaste wife of Tarquin Collatinus; her rape by Sextus Tarquin, a son of Tarquin the Proud, brought down Etruscan rule in Rome, after which Rome was a Republic.
Term
Brutus
Definition
A leader in the revolt against Tarquin the Proud and hero of the Republic
Term
Horatius
Definition
Early mythic hero of the Republic; defended a bridge against the advancing enemy single-handedly until it could be burned by the Romans in retreat.
Term
Scaevola
Definition
"Lefty"; Early mythic hero of the Roman Republic; so called because when captured and threatened with torture by the enemy, he thrust his right hand in a fire to show his pietas to Rome.
Term
Coriolanus
Definition
Hero of Rome, who was exiled for his arrogance to men of common origins; withdrew an army he was leading against Rome when his wife begged him to spare her city and their children.
Term
Cincinnatus
Definition
Mythic hero of the Roman Republic; called to assume a dictatorship to meet a threat against Rome, he defeated the army and returned to his little farm within sixteen days.
Term
triumph
Definition
Structured, stylized celebratory parade given in Rome for a distinguished military achievement.
Term
Chryseïs
Definition
Agamemnon's war prize demanded back by Apollo for Chryses, his priest and father of the girl.
Term
Iulus
Definition
Son of Aeneas; founds Alba Long and is the ancestor of the Julian line of Roman Emperors.
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