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Final
Psych 101 Final Study Guide Note Cards - Chapters 11-14
200
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2010

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Term
Personality
Definition
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
Term
4 Approaches/Theories of Personality
Definition
1. psychodynamic
2. social cognitive
3. humanistic
4. trait
Term
Psychodynamic
Definition
unconscious, stages, parents influence
Term
Social Cognitive
Definition
emphasizes conscious awareness, beliefs and expectations
Term
Humanistic
Definition
personal growth, freedom to choose, focuses on positive
Term
Trait ( theory )
Definition
enduring characteristics lead to characteristic responses
Term
Id
Definition
basic drives, pleasure, completely unconscious
Term
Superego
Definition
moral, right vs. wrong
Term
Ego
Definition
reality, mediates between id and superego
Term
Freudian Slip
Definition
"accidental" statement that reveals a hidden feeling
Term
Repression
Definition
ego pushes id into the subconscious
Term
Projection
Definition
ego attributes a personal shortcomings to someone else
Term
Sublimation
Definition
the ego replaces a socially unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable one
Term
Reaction Formation
Definition
turning unacceptable impulses into their opposite
Term
5 Psychosexual Stages of Human and Fixation
Definition
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages
Term
Oral Stage
Definition
Birth-18 months, the mouth
Term
Anal Stage
Definition
18 months - 3 years, the anus
Term
Phallic Stage
Definition
3-6 years, genitals, oedipus complex, castration anxiety, begins to identify w/ the same sex parent
Term
Latency Stage
Definition
6-puberty, represses sexual interests, developing social and intellectual skills
Term
Genital Stage
Definition
puberty-adulthood, sexual reawakening
Term
Fixation
Definition
remaining locked at an early developmental stage, because needs were under or over gratified. can occur at any stage.
Term
Oedipal Complex
Definition
desire for oppostie sex parent and desire to replace the same sex parent whom you have identified with
Term
Karen Horney
Definition
social factors, confronted gender bias, emphasized need for security
Term
Carl Jung
Definition
believed in collective unconscious shared by all humans
Term
Archetypes
Definition
emotionally laden images and ideas (hero, masculine, feminine)
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
individual psychology, motivated by purpose and goals, strive for superiority, as kids we feel inferior to adults
Term
Over Compensation
Definition
exaggerated effort to conceal weakness
Term
Inferiority Complex
Definition
exaggerated feelings of inadequacy
Term
Superiority Complex
Definition
Exaggerated self - importance to conceal inferiority
Term
Bandura's Model of reciprocal determination
Definition
personality and control interact
Term
Locus of Control
Definition
do we control our environment, or are we being controlled
Term
Internal Locus
Definition
I control my own density.
Term
External Locus
Definition
Outside forces control my fate.
Term
Self Efficacy
Definition
we can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Term
Unconditional Positive Regard
Definition
accepting someone for who they are regardless of a person's behavior
Term
Self-concept
Definition
all of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, our abilities, behaviors, and personality
Term
Self-actualization
Definition
motivation to develop our full potential as a human being
Term
Real-self
Definition
who you really are
Term
Ideal-self
Definition
what you or your parents want you to be, the more discrepancy between real and ideal self you will have more problems
Term
Definition of Trait
Definition
enduring personality characteristics that lead to certain behaviors
Term
Allport's 3 Categories of Traits
Definition
cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits
Term
Cardinal Traits
Definition
powerful and persuasive (1 to 2)
Term
Central Traits
Definition
limited number of traits (more)
Term
secondary traits
Definition
limited in frequency (attitudes and preferences)
Term
Big 5 Personality Factors
Definition
O.C.E.A.N
Term
O.C.E.A.N
Definition
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness (wish to do what is right)
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
Term
(Michel's) situationism
Definition
personality varies by context
Term
Research Support
Definition
scores on personality tests are not good predictors of behavior
Term
Projective Tests
Definition
present ambiguous stimuli, patient projects thoughts, feelings, and attitudes
Term
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Definition
Harman Rorschach (1921), patient describes inkblot, problem (Subjective)
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Definition
Murray and Morgan (1930s), ambiguous pictures, patient makes up story, still problem of subjectivity
Term
Self Report Test
Definition
objective test or inventories, ask if terms describe respondent, Problems: based on face validity, affected by social desirability
Term
Neo-PI-R
Definition
Hogen Personality Inventory (HPI)
Term
MMPI
Definition
Minnesota Multiphaisc Personality, Inventories, answer 560 true/false, 10 clinical scales, 4 validity scales
Term
Face Validity
Definition
a property of a test intended to measure something
Term
Social Desirability
Definition
social pressure to answer a certain way
Term
Empirically-keyed tests
Definition
tests with unrelated questions, but that have been shown to have a connection with the attribute being studied
Term
3 Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
Definition
deviant, maladaptive, personally distressful

must meet at least one criteria
can be culturally dependent
Term
Insanity
Definition
a legal term
Term
Insanity defense
Definition
defendant irrational when crime took place
Term
Biological Factors of Psychological Disorders
Definition
psychological disorders have organic causes
Term
Medical Model
Definition
psychological disorders are medical diseases with biological origins
Term
Psychological Factors of Psychological Disorders
Definition
distorted thoughts, emotional turmoil, inappropriate learning, troubled relationships
Term
Sociocultural Factors of Psychological Disorders
Definition
poverty, neighborhood quality, gender, culture related disorders
Term
Biophysical model
Definition
interaction between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Term
DSM-W (1994)
Definition
Test Revision (2000) DSM-IV-TR
17 categories of mental disorder, around 200 questions
Term
Multiaxial System
Definition
1. clinical conditions
2. personality and retardation
3. medical conditions
4. environmental factors
5. assessment of functioning
Term
Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
Definition
motor tension, hyperactivity, apprehensive expectations and thoughts, maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety, 18.1% prevalence rate
Term
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Definition
persistent anxiety for at least one month, muscle tension, agitations, and sleep problems, unable to identify reason for anxiety, 3.1% prevalence rate, etiology (runs in the family)
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
Recurring sudden onset of intesne apprehension or terror, panic attacks, agoraphobia - afraid of having a panic attack when you can't escape, 2.7% prevalence rate
Term
Phobic Disorder
Definition
irrational overwhelming, persistent fear of something specific, social phobia, 8.7% prevalence
Term
OCD
Definition
persistent uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions), repetitive ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), 1% prevalence
Term
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Definition
exposure to a traumatic event
symptoms - flashbacks and excessive arousal
onset - immediate or delayed
3.5% prevalence
Term
Dissociative Disorder
Definition
sudden loss of memory or change in identity
3 types
Term
Dissociative Amnesia
Definition
extreme memory loss
causes: psychological stress or head injury
Term
Dissociative Fogue
Definition
includes amnesia, unexpectedly leaving home and assuming new identity
Term
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Definition
2 or more personalities
50% of cases involve 10 or less personalities
treatment = integration of personalities into a single identity
etiology - usually caused by sexual abuse
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
disturbance of mood
9.5% prevalence
2 major categories - major depressive disorder (unipolar), bipolar disorder
Term
Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
depression without mania
9 symptoms
5 symptoms present at least two weeks
16.2% lifetime prevalence rate
6.2% 1 year prevalence rate
Term
Dysthemic Disorder
Definition
more chronic and fewer symptoms
depressed mood for 2 years
Term
Bipolar Disorder
Definition
alternating between manic and depression
must be at least one week
usually 8-12 weeks
2.6% prevalence rate
Term
Biological Perspective on Mood Disorders
Definition
genetic influence
abnormalities in neurotransmitters
abnormalities in brain functioning
Term
Psychological Perspective on Mood Disorders
Definition
behavioral - learned helplessness
Term
Social Cognitive Perceptive of Mood Disorders
Definition
negative thoughts and cognitive distortions
Term
Sociocultural Perceptive on Mood Disorders
Definition
poverty, gender, individualism
Term
Relation between depression and suicide
Definition
depressed individuals are at a greater risk
120,000 suicides a year worldwide
3 times as many men succeed
4 times as many women attempt
Term
Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
disorganized thought Process
1.1% prevalence rate (50% of mental hospitals)
1/3 get better, 1/3 stay the same, 1/3 get worse
Term
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
excess or distortion of normal functions
delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech
Term
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
restriction or loss of normal functions
flat affect
inappropriate emotions
Term
Motor Behaviors of Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
pacing, statue-like postures, strange mannerisms
Term
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Disorganized
Definition
hallucinations and delusions
Term
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Catatonic
Definition
bizarre motor activity
extreme: hyperactivity to catatonic
Term
Types of Schizophrenic Disorders - Undifferentiated
Definition
many and varied symptoms
Term
Brain Abnormalities involving Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
enlarged ventricles
small frontal cortex - lower activity
Term
Neurological Factors of Schizophrenic Disorders
Definition
Abnormal brain activity
malfunction dopamine system
Term
Psychological Explanations of Schizophrenia
Definition
combination of biogenetic disposition and stress
trigger - stressful event
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
chronic, maladaptive, cognitive behavior
impair social functioning
inflexible
3 clusters
Term
Personality Disorders - Odd / Eccentric Cluster
Definition
paranoid - lack of trust, suspicious
schizoid - inadequate social relations, sky/withdrawn, and cold
schizotypal - odd thinking patterns, eccentric beliefs, hostility
Term
Personality Disorders - Dramatic / Emotionally Problematic Cluster
Definition
Borderline personality disorder
instability in relationships, mood and self image
narcissistic personality
grandiose self importance
manipulative, can't take criticism
histrionic personality
seek attention and overreact
dramatic
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
belongs in the dramatic / emotionally problematic cluster
law breaking and irresponsible
lack of conscience for wrong doing
more common in men
2.6% prevalence
Term
Personality Disorders - Fearfulness / Avoidant Cluster
Definition
Avoidant - sky and inhibited, but desires relationships
Dependent personality - lack of self confidence, fear of abandonment
passive agressive - stubborn, intentionally inefficient
obsessive compulsive disorder - obsessed with rules, productive, emotionally insensitive
Term
Anti-anxiety Drugs
Definition
calming effect
Term
Benzodiazepines
Definition
bind to receptor sites of neurotransmitters, have side effects, can be addictive, effective
Term
Anti-depressant Drugs
Definition
regulate mood
Term
Tricycles
Definition
anti-depressant drug
MAO inhibitors - used less due to toxicity
SSRI's - block the reuptake of serotonin, fewer side effects
may increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
60-70% effectiveness
Term
Lithium
Definition
used to treat bi-polar
effective dose is close to toxic
daily long term use
decreases risk of suicide
Term
Anti-psychotic Drugs
Definition
reduce responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli
Term
Narcoleptics
Definition
effects schizophrenia, block dopamine system, causes Tardive Dyskenesia
Term
Tardive Dyskenesia
Definition
repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movement
Term
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Definition
small electrical current that causes a seizure in the brain
short term treatment to major depression
may cause memory loss and disorientation
last resort
Term
Psychosurgery (prefrontal lobotomies)
Definition
removal or destruction of brain surgery
prefrontal lobotomies discovered by a Portuguese physician
ice pick put through eye socket
Term
Deinstitutionalization
Definition
transfer of treatment from inpatient mental hospitals to outpatient care
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
process used by mental health professionals
helps individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological difficulties
Term
Psychodynamic Approach
Definition
unconscious mind, relies on interpretation through the therapist, focuses on experiences in early childhood, techniques designed to trick ego into revealing subconscious thoughts, Sigmund Freud
Term
Free Association
Definition
say aloud whatever comes to mind
Term
Catharsis
Definition
release of emotional tension
Term
Transference
Definition
Transfer of emotions from other relationships to the analyst
Term
Counter Transference
Definition
psychologist's response
Term
Resistance
Definition
blocking anxiety laden material
ego blocks information
Term
Interpretation
Definition
analysts' suggestions of underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts
Term
Dream Analysis
Definition
analyzing of a dream to find underlying desires
Term
Manifest Content
Definition
what you see in a dream
Term
Latent Content
Definition
what your dream means
Term
interpersonal therapy
Definition
brief
12-16 sessions
current relationships and improving relationship skills
Term
Humanistic Approach
Definition
encouraged to understand themselves
focuses on conscious
focuses on positive
Term
Client Centered Therapy
Definition
humanistic
provides warm supportive atmosphere
therapist should show unconditional positive regard
active listening (using reflective speech)
reflective speech - mirroring the clients feelings back to them
genuine
Term
Gestalt Therapy (Fritz - Peris)
Definition
challenging client to become aware of feelings and face problems
confrontational
humanistic
Term
Role-playing
Definition
seeks to bring feelings to the surface
Term
Behavioral Therapies
Definition
uses principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
2 types
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
behavioral therapy
condition with rewards/punishment
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
does not focus on subconscious
Behavioral
stimuli
Term
Systematic Desensitization
Definition
associated deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety producing stimulus
Term
Aversive Conditioning
Definition
repeating pairings of undesirable behavior with an unpleasant state
Term
Behavior Modification
Definition
replaces unacceptable, maladaptive responses with acceptable, adaptive ones
Term
Token Economy
Definition
secondary reinforcement
Term
Cognitive Therapy
Definition
individual's cognition or thoughts are main source of abnormal behavior
Term
Ellis's Rational - Emotive Therapy
Definition
goal = eliminate irrational beliefs by rationally examining them
Term
ABCDE's of the Ellis's Rational - Emotive Therapy
Definition
Activating Systems
Belief System
Consequences
Disputation
Effects
Term
Effects (Step of Ellis's Rational...)
Definition
recognize relation between thoughts and feelings
learn about distorted thoughts (all or nothing thinking, snowball thinking)
identify distorted thoughts
dispute distorted thoughts and substitute appropriate thoughts
Term
Group Therapy
Definition
cost effective and shorter process
provides social context
Term
Family Therapy
Definition
group therapy with family memebers
Term
Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Definition
80% of percent of people who do not receive treatment have worse outcomes those those treated through psychotherapy
Term
Attributions
Definition
thoughts about why people behave the way they do
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
we are motivated to understand the underlying causes of behavior
Term
3 Dimensions of Causality
Definition
Internal/External Causes
Stable/Unstable
Controllable/Uncontrollable
Term
Internal/External Causes
Definition
persons character caused the event
vs.
situation caused the event
Term
Stable/Unstable Causes
Definition
cause is permanent
vs.
cause is temporary
Term
Controllable/Uncontrollable
Definition
can control vs. cannot control
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
traits are more important than situations
only when explaining others behaviors
Term
Self-serving Bias
Definition
attributes success to internal factors, and failures to external factors
about ourselves
Term
False Consensus Effect
Definition
Overestimation of the degree to which everyone thinks or acts the way they do
Term
Primary Effect
Definition
early information is more important than later information
Term
Negativity Bias
Definition
negative information is more positive than earlier information
Term
Halo Effect
Definition
belief that positive qualities cluster together
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
evaluating ourselves in relation to other people
who do we compare ourselves to - downward social comparisons, those are are most similar and those "inferior" to us
Term
Impression Management
Definition
presenting an image of oneself as a certain sort of person
Term
Self-Monitoring
Definition
paying attention to the impression you make on others and fine tuning your performance
Term
Attitdudes
Definition
beliefs and opinions about people, objects, and ideas
long lasting
Term
Three Dimensions of Attitudes
Definition
Affective - positive or negative feelings
Cognitive - thoughts, beliefs, and images
Behavioral - How we act, consistent with our feelings and our thoughts
Term
Attitude change - Source
Definition
the asker's image changes the attitude
Term
Attitude Change - Message
Definition
the content
Term
Attitude Change - Medium
Definition
technology used to receive information
Term
Attitude Change - Target
Definition
People with very strong attitudes are unlikely to change
Term
Foot-in-the-Door
Definition
begin asking for a small favor and increase to something extravagant
Term
Door-in-the-Face
Definition
ask for something big and decrease to something reasonable
Term
Low-balling
Definition
a technique in which an item is offered at a lower price than is actually intended to be charged, after which the price is raised to increase profits
Term
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Definition
The tendency to seek consistency in beliefs or opinions.
When there is an inconsistency between attiudes or behaviors, something must change to eliminate the dissonance. In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior.
Term
Self-perception Theory
Definition
we make inferences about our attitudes by looking at our behaviors
Term
Altruism
Definition
unselfish interest in someone else
Term
Egoism
Definition
giving to another person to ensure reciprocity
Term
Bystander Effect
Definition
tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if others are present
Term
Conformity
Definition
change in person's behavior to coincide with a group standard
Term
Asch's Conformity Experiment (1955)
Definition
people conformed 35% of the time
asked participants which bar matches another bar
75% of people went along with the wrong answer at least once
Term
Normative Social Influence
Definition
desire to gain approval
Term
Informational Social Influence
Definition
willingness to accept others opinions
Term
Obedience
Definition
behavior that complies with explicit demands of an authority figure
Term
Milgram's Study (1965)
Definition
65% of participants completed entire shock regimen
when the responsibility lied with someone else they were more likely to continue.
Term
Norms
Definition
rules that apply to all members
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
We perform at our best when people are present.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
We exert less effort in a group.
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
Loss of personal identity and decrease in responsibility
Term
Social Contagion
Definition
the spread of behavior
Term
Risky Shift
Definition
group decisions are riskier than individual decisions
Term
Group Polarization
Definition
Group attitude is enhanced through group discussion.
Term
Group Think
Definition
Impaired decision is enhanced through group discussion.
example - Challenger space shuttle
Term
Stereotype
Definition
a general attribute to all members of a group
Term
Prejudice
Definition
unjustified and negative
stereotypes, emotions, discriminations
Term
Discrimination
Definition
Negative treatment of a member of group based on prejudiced feelings.
Term
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel, 1978)
Definition
define ourselves in relation to group membership
in-group = us
out-group = them
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Favoring one's own group over other's group
Term
Aggression
Definition
physical or verbal behavior that is meant to hurt another person
Term
Biological Approach - Aggression
Definition
survival of fittest
genetic influences
selective breeding of animals to be more aggressive
Term
Brain Structures dealing with Aggression
Definition
limbic system
neurotransmitters - lower serotonin
Term
Environmental and Psychological Factors of Aggression
Definition
Culture
income disparities (the wider the gap, the more violence)
culture norms for honor
media violence
Term
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Definition
frustration creates anger which can generate aggression
Term
Observational Learning and Reinforcement
Definition
aversive stimuli
Term
Matching Hypothesis
Definition
We prefer those who are similar to us.
Term
Consensual Validation
Definition
Our own attitudes are supported when others share them.
Term
Romantic Love
Definition
strong components of sexuality and infatuation
Term
Affectionate Love
Definition
deep caring affection for the person
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