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Final Vacab
Ron cornelisson's final!!!!
98
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
ageism
Definition
a prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age
Term
adolescent egocentrism
Definition
a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
Term
analytic intelligence
Definition
a form of intelligence that involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing, as well as verbal and logical skills
Term
andropause
Definition
a term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reducedd sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass. (also called male menopause)
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. Anorexia can be fatal.
Term
antithesis
Definition
A proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the the second stage of the process of dialetical thinking.
Term
bickering
Definition
petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
Term
big five
Definition
the five basic culsters of personality traits that reamain quite stable throughout adulthood. Openness, conscientioiusness, extroversion, agreeableness, and nueroticism
Term
body image
Definition
a person's idea of how his or her body looks
Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging. Usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives
Term
cardiovascular disease
Definition
disease that involves the heart and the circulatory system
Term
centenarian
Definition
a person who has lived 100 years or more
Term
child sexual abuse
Definition
any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved
Term
clinical depression
Definition
feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that lasts 2 weeks or more
Term
clique
Definition
a group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
Term
cluster suicides
Definition
several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time
Term
cohabitation
Definition
an arrangement in which a couple live together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married
Term
creative intelligence
Definition
a form of intelligence that involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative
Term
cross-sequential research
Definition
a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and then follow those groups over the years ( a longitudinal approach) (also called cohort-sequential research or time-sequential research)
Term
crowd
Definition
A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends
Term
Alzheimer disease
Definition
The most common cause of demintia, characterized by gradual deteriorationof memory and personality marked by the formation of plaques of beta-anyloid protien and tangles of tau in the brain.
Term
Apprenticeship in thinking
Definition
Vygotsky's term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by older and more skilled members of society
Term
Assisted living
Definition
A living arrangement for elderly people by older and more skilled members of society
Term
Crystalized intelligence
Definition
Those types of intelectual ability that reflet accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples.
Term
Dementia
Definition
Irreversable loss os intelectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or desease. Dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the old.
Term
Deviancy training
Definition
Destructive peer support in which one person shows anothers how to rebel against authority or social norms
Term
Dialectical thought
Definition
The most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the abilityto consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaniously and thus to arrive at a synthesis
Term
Disability
Definition
difficulty in performing normal activities of daily life because of some physical, mental, or emotional condition
Term
ecological niche
Definition
The particular lifestyle and social context that adults settle into because it is compatibla with their individual personality needs and interests
Term
elderspeak
Definition
A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repitition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech
Term
empty nest
Definition
The time in the lives of parents when their children have left the family home to pursue their own lives
Term
Extrinsic rewards of work
Definition
The tangible benefits, usually in the form of compensation that one recieves for doing a job (salary, health insurance, pension ect)
Term
Familism
Definition
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as short term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are all usually considered part of this.
Term
forclosure
Definition
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis
Term
formal operational thought
Definition
In piagets's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systemic logical thinking and by the ability to understandand systematically manipulate abstract concepts
Term
Gender differences
Definition
Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture
Term
Gender identity
Definition
A person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
Term
General intelligence
Definition
The idea of (g) assumes that intelligence is one basic trait, underlying all cognitive abilities. According to this concept, people have varying levels of this general ability
Term
geriatrics
Definition
The medical specialty devoted to aging
Term
Gerontology
Definition
The multidisiplinary study of old age
Term
Heterogamy
Definition
Defined by developmentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and logical origin
Term
homeostasis
Definition
The adjustment of all the body's system to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. As the body ages, it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for older bodies to adapt to stress
Term
homogamy
Definition
Defines by developmentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, SES, religon, ethnic background, and local origin
Term
hormone
Definition
An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed vis the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function
Term
Identity achievement
Definition
Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
Term
Identity versus role confusion
Definition
Erikson;s term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out " who am i? but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
Term
Imaginary audience
Definition
The other people who, in an adolescents egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her apperance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenages very self- conscious
Term
Implicit memory
Definition
Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations
Term
Intimacy versus isolation
Definition
The sixth of erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commentment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation
Term
Intrinsic rewards of work
Definition
The intangible gratification that come from within oneself as a result of doing a job. ( job satisfication, self-esteem, pride, ect)
Term
Invincibility fable
Definition
An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannotbe overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving
Term
kinkeeper
Definition
A caregiver who takes responsibility for maintaining communication among family members
Term
Menarche
Definition
A girls first menstral period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche
Term
menopause
Definition
The time in middle age, usually around 50, when a women's menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Stricktly speaking, menopause is dated one year after a womens last menstrualperiod, although many months before and after that date are menopausal
Term
midlife crisis
Definition
A supposed period of unusual anxiety, radical self-reexamination, and sudden transformation that was once widely associated with middle age but that actuallyhad more to do with developmental history than with chronological age.
Term
moratorium
Definition
An adoloscent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example
Term
morbidity
Definition
DISEASE. As a measure of health, morbidity usually refers to the rate of diseases in a given population- physical and emotional, acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing).
Term
mortality
Definition
DEATH. As a measure of health, mortality usually refers to the number of deaths each year per 1,000 members of a given population
Term
objective thought
Definition
Thinking that is not influenced by the thinker's personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid
Term
organ reserve
Definition
The capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability
Term
parental monitoring
Definition
Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where and with whom.
Term
peer pressure
Definition
Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
Term
postformal thought
Definition
A proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following piaget's four stages that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexable and more dialectical
Term
Practical intelligence
Definition
The itellectual skills used in everyday problem solving
Term
explicit memory
Definition
Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand usually with words. Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words,data and concepts
Term
Primary aging
Definition
The universal and irreversable physical changes that occur ro all living creaters as they grow older
Term
Primary sex characteristics
Definition
The parts that change the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
Term
Puberty
Definition
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity
Term
Sandwich gereration
Definition
The generation of middle aged people who are supposedly "squeezed" by the needs of the younger and older members of their families. Inreality some adults do feel pressuredby these obligations, but most are not burdened by them, either because they choose to take on only some of them or none of them.
Term
Scientific observation
Definition
A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants behavior in a systematic and objective manner- in a natural setting, in a labortory, or in searches of archival data
Term
Secondary aging
Definition
The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person
Term
Secondary sex characteristics
Definition
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a women's breast
Term
Selective expert
Definition
Someone who is notably more skilled and knowledgeable than the average person about whichever activities are personally meaningful
Term
Senscence
Definition
The process of aging, whereby the body becoms less strong and effcient
Term
Set Point
Definition
A particular body weight that an individual's homeostatic proccesses strive to maintain
Term
Sexual orientation
Definition
A term that refers to wheather a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes
Term
Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
Definition
A disease spread by sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV
Term
Social homogamy
Definition
The similarity of a couple's leisure interests and role preferences
Term
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Definition
A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, and place of residence
Term
Spermarche
Definition
A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep or via direct stimulation
Term
Stereotype threat
Definition
The possibility that one's apperance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes
Term
sythesis
Definition
A new idea that intergrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; The third stage of the process of dialectical thinking
Term
subjective thought
Definition
Thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future
Term
teratogens
Definition
Agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
Term
Suicidal ideation
Definition
Thinking about suicide, usually with some emotional and intelectual or cognitive overtones
Term
Vitality
Definition
A measure of health that refers to how healthy and energetic- physically, intellectually, and socially- an individual actuall feels
Term
trust versus mistrust
Definition
Eriksons psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust is their basic needs are met ( food, comfort, attention, and so on).
Term
thesis
Definition
A proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking
Term
Identity
Definition
A consistent definition of ones self as a uniques individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
Term
Identity versus diffusion
Definition
Erikson's term for the 5th stage of development, in which the person tried to figure out "who am i?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
Term
Identity diffusion
Definition
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
Term
Peer selection
Definition
An on going, active process where by adolescents select friends on the basis of shared interests and values
Term
Social norms
Definition
The standard of behavior within a given society or culture, based more on how people should behave than on how they actually should behave than on how they actually behave
Term
Social exchange theory
Definition
The view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benifits one recieves and minimizing the costs one pays
Term
Social clock
Definition
Refers to the idea that the stages of life& the behaviors "appropriate" to them, are set by social standards rather than by biological maturation
Term
Gender convergence
Definition
A tendency for men and women to become more similar as they move through middle age
Term
Dual task deficit
Definition
A situation in which a person's performance of ones task is impeded by interference from the simultaneous performance of another task
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