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Final Review - Ch. 9, Development
Essentials for Understanding Psychology, Feldman
23
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
06/21/2013

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Cards

Term
Nature - Nurture
Definition
Key question in psychology, asking how and to what degree do environment and heredity produce their joint effects.
Term
Developmental Research (3)

* Cross-sectional **
Definition
comparing people of different ages at the same time
Term
Developmental Research (3)

* Longitudinal *
Definition
studying participants as they age
Term
Developmental Research (3)

* Sequential *
Definition
combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal
Term
Genetics - Basic Building Blocks
Definition
Chromosomes >

Genes >

DNA Sequences
Term
Critical or Sensitive Periods
Before and After Birth
Importance
Definition
indicate a specific time that organisms are particularly susceptible to damage that may affect them for the rest of their lives
Term
Neonatal Reflexes (5)

* Unlearned, Involuntary Responses *

Lost after the first few months of life and replaced with more complex and organized behaviors.
Definition
Rooting - turn head toward things that touch their cheek

Sucking - prompts sucking of things that touch their lips

Gag - clears their throat

Startle - response to a loud noise (flings arms, fans fingers, arches back)

Babinski - toes fan out when outer edge of the sole of the foot is stroked
Term
Attachment

* Key Concept in Social Development of Children *
Definition
positive emotional bond developed between a child and a particular individual
Term
Major Types of Child- Rearing Practices (4)

* Authoritarian *
Definition
rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience

Result: unsociable, unfriendly, withdrawn
Term
Major Types of Child- Rearing Practices (4)

* Permissive 8
Definition
give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them

Result: immature, moody, dependent, low self-control
Term
Major Types of Child- Rearing Practices (4)

* Authoritative *
Definition
firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, explain decisions and action

Result: good social skills, likeable, self-reliant, independent
Term
Major Types of Child- Rearing Practices (4)

* Uninvolved *
Definition
show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached

Result: indifferent, rejecting behavior
Term
Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Childhood Development (4)
Definition
trust vs mistrust

autonomy vs shame and doubt

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (4) pg 344

* Sensorimotor *
Definition
Birth - 2 years

little competence in communicating about the environment by using images, language, or other symbols
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (4) pg 344

* Preoperational *
Definition
2 - 7 years

language development
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (4) pg 344

* Concrete operation *
Definition
7 - 12 years

logical thought and a loss of egocentrism
Term
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (4) pg 344

* Formal operation *
Definition
12 - adulthood

abstract thought
Term
Moral Development Approaches (2)

Kohlberg vs Gilligan
Definition
Kohlberg - stages

Gilligan - gender differences
Term
Stormy Adolescence
Definition
A myth for most adolescents
Term
Aging Theories (2)

* Genetic preprogramming *
Definition
human cells have a built-in limit to their ability to reproduce and after a certain time they are no longer able to divide
Term
Aging Theories (2)

* Wear-and-tear *
Definition
mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently
Term
Aging

* Physical Changes *
Definition
appearance - hair loss, hair thinning, hair color to gray;
skin that wrinkles and folds and sags; slight loss of height

sensory capabilities decrease - vision, hearing, smell, taste

time reaction slows and physical stamina changes
Term
Aging

* Intellectual Changes *
Definition
decline - fluid intelligence (information processing)
memory, calculations, analogy solving

improve - crystallized intelligence (based on the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies learned through experience) remain steady or sometimes improve
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