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Definition
| English Scientist and Philosopher, 1561-1626 |
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| Who ran universities in 1600? |
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Definition
| Theologians, religious leaders |
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| What was the attitude of university leaders towards science in 1600? |
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| Aristotle and other ancient Greeks had settled most important scientific questions. |
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| What method did Aristotle employ to discover scientific truths? |
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Definition
He thought about how the world ought rationally to work. He did not conduct scientific experiments in the modern sense.
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Definition
reasoning based on statistics, truths about the empirical world.
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| Why didn't Aristotle like inductive logic? |
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Definition
He said we could not trust our sense perceptions. Therefore, we could not trust inductive logic.
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Which precursors of modern scientists were conducting experiments, & were mentioned by Bacon?
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| What were the alchemists trying to discover? |
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| How to turn base metals into gold, how to create magic elixirs, etc. |
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| Why were alchemists not successful? |
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Definition
Gold is an element, and other materials could not be turned into elements.
Scientific method was not used to create medicines that might advance their other goals. |
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| In 1600, what was the average person's attitude towards medicine and science? |
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Definition
| Believed in astrology, witchcraft, disease was punishment for sin, etc. |
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| What is the name of Bacon's work? Why was it called this? |
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Definition
| Novum Organum. Means "New Organum," Organum was Aristotle's logic book. Bacon is replacing Aristotle. |
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| What happened to Galileo when he opposed the church on questions of science? |
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Definition
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| in What does Bacon suggest we should do to advance science? |
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Definition
| Start over. Get rid of Aristotle's method and get a new scientific method. |
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| Bacon said that all knowledge is scientific knowledge. How would he feel about poetry? |
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20th c. philosopher who stated that all scientific theories must be in principle falsifiable.
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| Who were the Logical Positivists? |
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Definition
| 20th c. scientists and philosophers who said that only scientific sentences have meaning. All other language is meaningless. |
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Definition
20 C. philosopher who said that modern science does not really proceed according to the scientific method.
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| What was the name of Thomas Kuhn's most famous book? |
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Definition
| The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. |
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| Alchemists and magicians were doing experiments during Bacon's time, but they were not making progress. Why not? |
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Definition
Did not use controlled experiments.
Had no general scientific theories to guide their experiments. |
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| What did Bacon think of Aristotle's syllogisms? |
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Definition
| Bad method for discovering scientific truths. |
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| What does Bacon say about extreme skepticism? |
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Definition
| With a new method, we will be able to learn things about the empirical world. |
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| Scientist who developed basic laws of physics in 1700s. |
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| Which of Aristotle's four causes are no longer recognized by science? |
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Definition
Formal - essential nature of a thing
Fina cause - the purpose of a thing |
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Definition
| British philosopher who lived in 1700s. |
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| What did Hume say about the logical relationship between "is" statements and "ought" statements? |
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Definition
| One can't derive "ought" from "is." |
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| In what period was the Epic of Gilgamesh written? |
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Definition
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| Which conflict is described in the Epic of Gilgamesh? |
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Definition
| People in cities are corrupt. Need country people to return to their "natural" moral state. |
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| Which 18th c. philosopher thought man was better in a state of nature? |
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| Which philosopher said that "the state of nature is a state of war"? |
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Definition
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| What is a social contract? |
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Definition
| implicit agreement among people to agree to live by basic rules, such as not killing others or taking their property |
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| Can we derive the rules of ethics from science and logic alone? |
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Definition
| No. moral rules require something beyond science and logic. The foundations of morality must come from outside of science, fields such as religion. |
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| English writer of 20th c. |
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| What was happening in England when The Abolition of Man was written? |
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| WHich philosophy gave support to the Nazis and other totalitarian governments in the 20th c.? |
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Definition
| moral relativism. Every moral theory is as good as every other moral theory. Anything goes. |
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What does the following mean:
Dolce et decorum est pro patria mori |
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Definition
Latin: Sweet and proper is it to die for one's country.
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Who wrote the poem "Dulce et
Decorum Est" during World War I? |
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Definition
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| What would Logical Positivists say about poetry? |
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| What is operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| Psychological theory advanced by B.F. Skinner regarding the most effective way to train animals. |
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| Philosopher who helped found Utilitarianism |
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| What is act utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| Every time you act, try to maximize the happiness of everyone in society. |
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| What is rule utilitarianism? |
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Definition
| Every time you act, act according to that rule that will, in the long run, maximize the happiness of everyone in society. |
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| Philosopher who tried to justify an ethical theory based on the categorical imperative, a sophisticated version of the "Golden Rule." |
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| What is the "categorical imperative?" |
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Definition
| Act according to that rule which you could will to be universal for anyone in your situation. |
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| Who was Christopher Marlowe |
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Definition
| 16 c. British poet and playwright. Wrote Dr. Faustus. |
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| A fictitious man who sold his soul to the Devil in exchange for power, women etc. Appears in various poems, plays, operas, paintings. |
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