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Final Exam Prep
Chapter 13-16 of New Society
75
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/16/2012

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Term
According to Bibby, where is Canada's "Bible Belt"
Definition
The East Coast
Term
Explain Humanist perspectives in comparison to religious perspectives.
Definition
Religious perspectives suggest that "our existence has inherent meaning" whereas humanists say we have to give it meaning. Humanism is more science-based.
Term
Who thought that religion was a human creation?
Definition
Marx and Durkheim
Term
Which theorist has the most functionalist approach to studying religion. Why?
Definition
Durkheim. He focuses on how religions function in society and how they affect believers.
Term
Who thought that religion would disappear eventually?
Definition
Marx
Term
Who saw religion as playing a gap-filling role?
Definition
Durkheim
Term
Which theorist believed that religion was the cause of capitalism?
Definition
Weber
Term
What are Stark and Glock's four requisites for commitment?
Definition
Experience, Practice, Belief, and Knowledge.
Term
Explain the church-sect typology. Who first distinguished between the two?
Definition
Differentiating churches from sects based on their basis of theology and their relationship to society. Max Weber.
Term
If Marx were right about religion, what group would be the most religious? What is this called?
Definition
The poor. (escapism)
Term
_ of 10 people in Canada believe in God.
Definition
8
Term
What percentage of people in Canada are Catholic? Protestant? Non-religious?
Definition
45, 29, 16
Term
What are the 5 factors taken into account in the "organizational approach"?
Definition
Members, Goals, Norms/Roles, Sanctions, success.
Term
What causes people to become relgious?
Definition
Reflection, Socialization, Deprivation.
Term
What group of religious people are most prejudiced?
Definition
Those who are marginally involved.
Term
What is the MOST indicating cause of religiosity?
Definition
Socialization.
Term
Describe a conflict crime. Is it mala en se or mala prohibita?
Definition
There is debate over the severity of the act, or whether or not it should even be illegal. Its is mala prohibita.
Term
List Hagan's types of deviance and crime from most severe to least severe.
Definition
Consensus crimes, conflict crimes, social deviation, social diversion.
Term
Describe social deviance. Give examples.
Definition
Legal but stigmatized behaviour (eg. mental illness, drug abuse)
Term
What would Hagan classify homosexuality as?
Definition
social deviance
Term
What would Hagan classify a heavily tattooed person as?
Definition
social diversion
Term
Differentiate between formal and informal controls.
Definition
Formal controls are instituted by the government, law, bylaw. Informal controls are instituted by family and peers.
Term
What is the most effective form of control?
Definition
Internalized self-control
Term
What is a moral panic?
Definition
A moral panic takes place when people think that crime and deviance has suddenly gotten worse than is acceptable, and generally worse than it is.
Term
Name the 5 qualities for moral panics as defined in class
Definition
Hostility, Volatility, Concern, Disproportionality, Consensus.
Term
Define and name a proponent of Strain Theory.
Definition
Suggests that people act deviantly when there is strain/stress/pressure upon them. Robert Merton.
Term
Explain a ritualist as classified by Merton.
Definition
someone who has the means to achieve the "good life" but does not aspire to such goals.
Term
Explain and give an example of an innovator as defined by R. Merton.
Definition
Someone who accepts and aspires for the "good life", but does not have means to obtain such a lifestyle. (eg. drug dealer, counterfeiter)
Term
What is the most common type of deviant according to Merton?
Definition
Innovation
Term
Define and give an example of a retreatist as described by Merton?
Definition
Someone who does not want the cultural goals, nor do they have the means to achieve them. (eg. drug addicts, hermits)
Term
Define and give an example of Merton's "rebel"
Definition
someone who does not want the usual goals of society and instead creates their own goals and means of achievement. (eg. terrorists, environmentalists
Term
What theory for crime and deviance brings up the "techniques of neutralization"?
Definition
Learning Theory
Term
Which two sociologists were related to learning theory in class?
Definition
Sykes and Matza
Term
Explain "Denial of Responsibility"
Definition
The claim that it wasn't their fault, they didn't mean to do it, they were just following orders.
Term
To say that "nobody was hurt" in a criminal or deviant act would be denial of __________
Definition
injury
Term
When a guy gets beat up at a bar, and the person who beat him up justifies himself by saying that he "had it coming", it is an example of...
Definition
Denial of victim
Term
Explain "appeal to higher loyalties"
Definition
When a person justifies their actions by saying they did it for their family, children, their lover, etc.
Term
When a man commits fraud, and justifies himself by saying that "the government scams us all with taxes. I'm just taking back what's mine", it is an example of Sykes and Matza's
Definition
Condemning the condemners.
Term
When a person's justification for their actions involves admitting that they are at fault and that someone was hurt, they are using _________
Definition
Denial of victim
Term
"People are deviant because it is rewarding and enjoyable. The real question is Why do people conform?" Is a stance taken by ________
Definition
Control Theorists
Term
The idea that girls are more controlled than boys is a component of _________.
Definition
Control Theory
Term
Which technique of neutralization is most common in politics?
Definition
Condemning the condemners.
Term
Explain Labelling Theory and give an example of a deviant who might have experienced such labelling.
Definition
Claims that people are deviant because they have already been labelled as such. (eg. Dumas' prostitute friend from high school)
Term
Name the four correlates of crime.
Definition
Age (youth), Sex (males), Social class (poor), and visible minority status.
Term
_ out of every 10 canadians live in urban centres.
Definition
8
Term
Explain Mathus' perspective on population growth.
Definition
Population supply grows exponentially while food supply only grows arithmetically.
Term
Explain the marxist perspective on population growth.
Definition
Capitalism controls the population, according to the need for a "reserve army of labour"
Term
The movement from high birth and death rates to low ones is called _________.
Definition
Demographic Transition
Term
WWII brought on the creation of the _________ City.
Definition
Corporate
Term
The exurb is a component of the ________ city.
Definition
Postmodern
Term
Differentiate between mechanical and organic solidarity.
Definition
Mechanical solidarity takes place because of the similarities between people, where organic solidarity exists because everyone in society is a part of the social order.
Term
Dramatic social change leads to...
Definition
the change from mechanical to organic solidarity, a growth in social problems, and "social disorganization"
Term
In the industrial city, most crime takes part in the ________
Definition
Transition zone.
Term
Define "normative order"
Definition
Social solidarity within a community, including gentrification, community resources, and neighbourly norms.
Term
The corporate city is based on what?
Definition
Capital accumulation, money-making.
Term
What was the first ever Canadian corporate city
Definition
Don Mills, Ontario
Term
Which city model is based upon consumption?
Definition
Postmodern Cuty
Term
Describe the Dual city
Definition
There are two ways of experiencing the city. 1) poverty, despair. 2) enjoyment and riches.
Term
Burnaby's anti-sprawl community was created with what goal?
Definition
To counteract obesity.
Term
What is Sandy Lake, Ontario famous for?
Definition
Having the 3rd highest rate of type 2 diabetes in north america, and turning it around by building walking paths and upping nutrition in schools.
Term
What is counterurbanization?
Definition
The movement from central city living to "exurbs" or "edge cities", living further from core for economic reasons.
Term
What are the 4 types of citizenship? Give an example of a right associated with each.
Definition
Civil (free speech), Political (vote, run for office), social (standard of living) and Universal (human rights, peace).
Term
What percentage of claims made to media organizations from corporations go unscrutinized?
Definition
40%
Term
Explain the "Dominant Paradigm"
Definition
A strong confidence in science, belief that we are important and have the right to use the earth as we please. Trust in law and authority.
Term
Explain the "Alternative Paradigm"
Definition
Not a lot of faith in science. Think that we need to be at harmony with the earth. Places an emphasis on self-actualization, realization of non-material values.
Term
The perspective featuring growth, prosperity, and class mobility, which does not consider the effects on nature is...
Definition
The human-exceptionalism paradigm
Term
The environmental movement was originally a creation of what group?
Definition
The elite.
Term
Describe the modern-day environmentalist.
Definition
Middle-class, relatively young, civil servant. usually in work related to public service.
Term
What are the 3 frames of environmental mobilization?
Definition
diagnostic, prognostic, motivational.
Term
Differentiate between value-oriented and success-oriented environmentalists.
Definition
Value-oriented want to change how things are looked at, change the "treadmill of production" whereas success-oriented just want to stop the damaging factors of our current lifestyle.
Term
When danger is slow to arise, causing reactions to the problem to arise slowly or never arise at all, it's called _________
Definition
Relational Anchoring
Term
Authorities acting contradictorally in the face of environmental danger is called ____________.
Definition
Labour of Confusion
Term
the environmental approach that suggests that technology and innovation can resolve all difficulties is...
Definition
Sustainable development
Term
Explain "Limits to Growth" as an environmental approach.
Definition
Suggests that the population of the earth must fall in order to save or preserve the environment.
Term
What three factors are necessary for successful construction of and environmental problem?
Definition
popularizers (Suzuki), incentives to participate/care, and institutional sponsors.
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