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Final Exam Nelson
process addictions, psychopharmocology, schizophrenia, psychotic disorders
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
05/09/2014

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Term
Overeaters: Emotional Regulation
Definition
Attempt to moderate feelings that are strongly negative (or sometimes strongly positive), particularly if they continue for a long period of time
Term
Anorexia Symptoms
Definition

Anorexia

1. Refuse to maintain 85% of healthy body weight.

2. Intense fear of weight gain/Fat.

3. Disturbance of body image.

4. Cessation of menses

Term
Bulimia symptoms
Definition

Bulimia

1. Binge eating and feeling out of control.

2. Inappropriate compensations: purging, fasting, exercise

3. 2X per week for 3 months.

4. Body weight/shape strongly affects self-eval.

Term
Anorexia Types
Definition

Restrictive

Binge/purge

Term
Bulimia types
Definition

1. Purging (vomit, laxatives, diuretics, enemas)

2. Non-purging

Term
Epidemiology of Bulimia and Anorexia
Definition

5-8X more likely in women

40% new cases = women 15-19

Highest rate of mortality amongst all psychiatric illnesses

>50% dual diagnosis

Related to personality

Body image and goal affected by family, peer and social standards.

Bulimia is culture bound, anorexia exists in all cultures

Term
Bulimia Anorexia Treatments
Definition

Early response = likely success

Initial motivation to change is related to final outcome

Exposure therapies better than CBT

Individual therapies: Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Interpersonal psychotherapy

Term
Psychopharmacology: How is a drug referred to?
Definition
Chemistry
Family/class
Generic name (Scientific research uses this)
Trade/Brand name (patients use this)
Term
Psychopharmacology: Administration
Definition
Method: ex. oral
Dosage: Initial (low), Therapeutic (bigger), Maintenance (less), Termination/withdrawal (taper).
Schedule: how much, when. less often is better to reduce forgetting.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Pharmokinetics
Definition
Path of the drug from entry into the body to exiting the body. How does the body get rid of it?
Term
Psychopharmacology: Metabolic path
Definition
Liver and kidneys
Drug interacts w/liver, can change metabolism of drugs.
Ex) only 5% of BuSpar reaches the brain.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Pharmocodynamics
Definition
Effects of drug on the body, usually specific neurotransmitters.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Elminiation, half life
Definition
Time it takes to get rid of 50% of the drug from the body. Longer half life means it can build up in body. toxic levels
Term
Psychopharmacology: Plasma level
Definition
concentration in blood stream
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotic drug dose/response
Definition
Response only seen at specific dose amount, below this amount does nothing and above this amount does not increase response.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Blood brain barrier
Definition
Chemical and physical structure that limits access to brain tissue from the circulatory system. Astrocyte: octopus sits between blood vessel and nerve cell. Very picky, must get creative to get chemicals past barrier.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Action
Definition
How does the drug produce the target effect?
Term
Psychopharmacology: 1. Target effect 2. Side effect 3. Interaction 4. Toxic effect 5. Effect latency
Definition
1. Intended therapeutic effect
2. Unintended effect
3. Good or bad
4. Potentially lethal side effects
5. Time from drug administration to effect
Term
Psychopharmacology: Process
Definition
Weigh indications/contraindications
How to initiate
How/when to withdraw
How to ensure compliance
Cost (includes lab tests etc.) effective
Term
Psychopharmacology: Main groups
Definition
Anti anxiety (addictive)
Antidepressants and antimanics (for mood and impulse)
Antipsychotic (for + symptoms)
Sedative-hypnotic (long term can cause sleep problems)
Term
Psychopharmacology: Secondary groups
Definition
Anticonvulsants: mood and impulse control
Antihypertensives and beta blockers: anxiety
Antiparkinsonian: Control antipsychotic med side effects
Cognitive enhancers
Herbal
Stimulants
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Action and purpose
Definition
Blocks dopamine receptor D2 (G protein linked)
Help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotic effectiveness
Definition
Takes 1-6 weeks (issues with determining dose)
Can be very effective but not completely effective
Residual problems
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Phenothiazines
Definition
Oldest
Low potency: Side effects include anticholinergic, hypotensive, sedative.
High potency: Side effects include neuromuscular(shaking, tremors, stiffness)
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Atypical
Definition
Newer, biological action differs
Neuromuscular side effects
Anticholinergic side effects
Other side effects
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Atypical neuromuscular side effects
Definition
Extrapyramidal (Unwanted movements):
Dystonias(muscle tightness)
Parkinsonianisms(tremors)
Akathisia(restlessness)
Akinesia(impairment of voluntary movement)
Tardive dyskinesia(involuntary movements of lower face, permanent even if meds are stopped)
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome(1st fever b/c hypothalamus shuts down, then death)
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Atypical anticholinergic side effects
Definition
Hypotension(low bp)
Dry mouth, decreased sweating
Constipation, urine retention
Blurred vision, dry eyes
Nasal congestion
Memory problems
Delirium (in elderly)
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics: Atypical other side effects
Definition
Orthostatic hypotension
Sedation, confusion
metabolism at cell level: big weight gain
Sexual problems
W/clozapine = agranulocytosis
W/Olanzapine = restless
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotics vs. Antidepressants
Definition
Antipsychotics: cool you down
Antidepressants: hot wire your system
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: Trycyclic
Definition
Oldest
Block reuptake of norepinephrine and seratonin
Cheap
More side effects
Geriatric patients get 1/3 of adult dose bc of anticholinergic effects
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: Classes
Definition
Tricyclic
SSRI's
Atypical
Mood stabilizers
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: SSRIs
Definition
Uses: Major depression, Dysthymis, OCD, Panic disorder, Bulimia, PTSD, GAD, Social phobia.
5 days to reach steady state
2-4 weeks for clinical effect
6-8 weeks to be certain it's not working
No consistent relationship between dosage/plasma level and clinical response.
Fewer side effects
1X daily
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: TCA Response predictor
Definition
Good: Depression symptoms (PHYSICAL): Slow onset, early morning awake, emotion withdrawal, anhedonia, psychomotor retardation

Bad: Depression symptoms (MOOD/THOUGHT): Childhood diagnosis, delusions, overemotional, anxiety
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: kids/adolescents
Definition
Proven to not help with depression but helps with quality of life.
New study says no benefit for quality of life...
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: Side effects
Definition
1. Orthostatic hypotension: Trycyclic
2. Sedation, weight gain: blocks histamine
3. Decrease seizure threshold: worse when switching meds.
4. Mood: mania, trigger bipolar in kids usually rapid cycling
5. Anticholinergic: blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, delayed urination.
6. Seratonergic (SSRI): Nausea/diarrhea, decreased appetite, insomnia, headaches, decreased libido.
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: Seratonin syndrome
Definition
Side effect
Like NMS- confusion, hyperthermia, autonomic instability, seizures, coma.
Potentially fatal
Usually caused by MAOI interaction
Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants: SSRI discontinuation syndrome
Definition
Side effect
Dizziness, lethargy, nausea, irratibility, headaches,
Term
Psychosis
Definition
A mental state marked by an impaired ability to perceive and understand reality, or relate to it in an appropriate way
Term
Symptoms of psychosis
Definition
Positive: They have that we don't have like delusions and hallucinations AUDITORY(or visual, taste, smell)
Negative: They don't have that we do like inability to express emotion, maintain hygiene, socialize, be motivated/interested
Pos/Neg: Disorganization in thinking, speech, thought
Term
Schizophrenia phases
Definition
Prodromal: Changes leading up to psychotic state. Usually (+).
Active: Obviously something wrong. Multiple (+) symptoms. Diagnosis
Residual: Declining (+) psychotic symptoms. Now (-) symptoms linger
Term
Recovery stats
Definition
1/3 recover completely
2/3 Stuck with residual symptoms or very rarely stuck in active phase
Term
Specific Psychosis Diagnostic categories
Definition
Delusional: limited to delusions, odd ideas. Erotomanic.
Brief psychotic disorder: Rapid onset, Episode triggered by stress, <30 days.
Schizophreniform: 2 or more major psychotic symptoms 1-6 months.Resolves on its own.
Schizophrenia: 2 or more major psychotic symptoms, entire episode 6+ months, active phase of at least 1 month.
Term
Other Specific Psychosis Diagnostic Categories
Definition
Schizoaffective: Mood disorder with periods of psychosis (2 weeks or longer) apart from the mood episode.
Delusional disorder: Limited to delusions 1 month or longer. Not bizarre
Term
When diagnosing schizophrenia...
Definition
Diagnostic label of LAST RESORT. Is it absolutely appropriate? Life changing, affects people's perception of you, harder to get a job, must prove stability
Term
Specifiers
Definition
Stressor: w/marked, w/o marked, w/postpartum onset.
Course: 1st episode or multiple episodes. Acute episode, in partial or full remission.
With catatonia
Term
Schizophrenia: Who's at risk
Definition
Identical twins: 48%
Child w/2 Schizophrenic parents: 46%
Nonidentical twins: 17%
Child w/1 schizophrenic parent: 13%
Sibling w/schizophrenia: 9%
General population: 1%
Term
Schizophrenia: Biological or environmental?
Definition
More biological
Term
Schizophrenia: Double bind hypothesis
Definition
Parents repeatedly say two contradictory things so kids can never please both parents.
Term
Schizophrenia: Family stress
Definition
Parents display more conflict, have greater difficulty communicating, and are more critical og and over involved with their kids.
Term
Schizophrenia: Expressed emotion
Definition
Overly involved in other family members business, critical, intrusive, accusatory. BAD
Term
Schizophrenia: Type 1
Definition
+ (delusions, hallucinations, formal thought disorder)
Good premorbid adjustment
Abnormal neurotransmitters or neuroreceptor activity
Good response to standard antipsychotics
Fair prognosis
Term
Schizophrenia: Type 2
Definition
- (flat affect, poverty of speech, loss of volition)
Poor premorbid adjustment
Abnormal brain structure MRI, brain shrink
Poor response to standard antipsychotics
Poor prognosis
Term
Schizophrenia: Avolition or apathy
Definition
- Symptom
Marked by apathy and an inability to start or complete a course of action.
Term
Schizophrenia: Blunted or flat affect
Definition
- Symptom
Shows less emotion than most
Term
Schizophrenia: Catatonia
Definition
- symptom
Pattern of extreme psychomotor symptoms.
Catatonic stupor, rigidity or posturing
Term
Schizophrenia: Clang associations
Definition
Rhyme used by some persons as a guide to forming thoughts and statements.
Term
Schizophrenia: Delirium tremens
Definition
Dramatic withdrawal reaction experienced by some people with alcoholism. It consists of confusion, clouded conscientiousness, and terrifying visual hallucinations
Term
Schizophrenia: Delusions
Definition
Strange false belief firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
Term
Schizophrenia: Delusions of control
Definition
The belief that one's impulses, feelings, thoughts, or actions are being controlled by other people.
Term
Schizophrenia: Delusions of reference
Definition
A belief that attaches special and personal meaning to the action of others or to various objects or events.
Term
Schizophrenia: Hallucinations
Definition
The experiencing of imagined sights, sounds, or other perceptions in the absence of external stimuli.
Term
Schizophrenia: Inappropriate affect
Definition
+ symptom
Display of emotions that are unsuited to the situation
Term
Schizophrenia: loose associations
Definition
Symptom
Thinking disturbance characterized by rapid shifts from one topic of conversation to another.
Term
Schizophrenia: Neologisms
Definition
+ symptom
Making up words
Term
Schizophrenia: Perseveration
Definition
+ symptom
Persistent repetition of words and statements
Term
Schizophrenia: Alogia
Definition
- symptom
Poverty of speech
Decrease in speech or speech content
Term
Schizophrenia: Concordance rate
Definition
Term
Schizophrenia: Diathesis stress view
Definition
Person must first have a predisposition to a disorder and then be subjected to immediate psychosocial stress in order to develop the disorder.
Term
Schizophrenia: Milieu therapy
Definition
Humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a climate that promotes self-respect, individual responsible behavior and meaningful activity.
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