Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Final Exam
Nursing Nutrition Final
116
Nursing
Professional
06/24/2013

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
essential proteins
Definition
cannot be synthesized by the body
must be provided by dietary sources
Term
nonessential proteins
Definition
can be synthesized by the body
Term
complete protein
Definition

has all essential amino acids

 

found in animal derived foods, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and most dairy products

 

soybeans are the only plant that is a complete protein

 

eggs and human milk are the best sources because they are easily digested

Term
incomplete protein
Definition

does not have all the essential amino acids; lack one or more

 

many plant foods contain considerable amounts of incomplete proteins

 

grains and legumes contain better sources of incomplete proteins

Term
RDA for protein
Definition
.8 g/kg body weight
Term
fat recommendations
Definition

20-35% of total cals 

most fat from polyunsaturated and monounsaturated

less than 10% from sat. fats

less than 300mg/day of cholesterol

low trans fats

Term
monosaccharides
Definition
glucose, fructose, galactose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
starch, glycogen, fiber
Term
DRI for carbs
Definition

RDA: 130 g/day- adults and children

AMDR: 45-65% of total cals/day

 

Term
AI for fiber
Definition

20-38 g/day 

25 g/day (women)

38 g/day (men)

 

 

Term
cholesterol
Definition

most common sterol

found only in animals

richest sources: liver and egg yolks

Term
desireable choelsterol levels
Definition

total  <200mg/dL

 

LDL <130mg/dL

 

triglycerides <150mg/dL)

 

 

Term
borderline cholesterol levels
Definition

total  200-239

 

LDL  130-159

 

triglycerides  150-199

Term
high cholesterol levels
Definition

total  > or = 240

 

LDL  > or = 160

 

triglycerides200-499

Term
low HDL cholesterol levels
Definition

major risk factor for heart diseas

 

<40mg/dL for men

 

<50mg/dL for women

 

Term
polyunsaturated fats (PUFA)
Definition

omega-3

omega-6 fatty acids

linolenic acid and linoleic acid

Term
trans fats
Definition

bad fats

act like saturated fats in body, but not fully saturated

raise LDL cholesterol

lower HDL cholesterol

 

Term
BMI ranges
Definition

underweight <18.5

 

normal 18.5-24.9

 

overweight  >25

 

obesity  >30

 

 

Term
diabetes mellitus
Definition
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycermia caused by inslulin that is either defective or deficient
Term
type 1 DM
Definition

pancreas produces no insulin

tends to occur early in life

cause: viral or autoimmune destruction of parts of pancreas; genetic factors 

trmt: insulin injections to control blood glucose levesl balanced with food intake and lifestyle behaviors to dreduce complications

health risks: heart disease, kidney disorders, and retinal damage

Term
type 2 DM
Definition

pancrease produces defective inslulin unable to serve needs of body

cause: genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors

trmt: exercise and consume moderate kcal, high-fiber, low-fat diet; may require oral meds and/or insulin injections

health risks: samt as for type 1

Term
gestational DM
Definition

blood glucose levels- remain abnormally high during pregnancy

may result in: pregnancy-induced hypertension, premature birth, large fetus size, congenital abnormalities, future obesity, and diabetes in infants

mother tends to develop type 2 DM later in life

management: dietary modifications and physical, psychosocial, and educational requirements

Term
vegans
Definition

pure vegetarians

smallest group of vegetarians

no animal products of any kind

Term
lacto-vegetarians
Definition
eat dairy products
Term
ovo-lato vegetarians
Definition
eat eggs and diary products
Term
pescetarian
Definition
eat fish
Term
flexitarian
Definition
sometimes eat meat
Term
adavantages of a vegetarian diet
Definition

lower body weight

lower in fat and cholesterol

reduces risk of ceratin diseases

spiritual

economical

Term
diadvantages of vegetarian diet
Definition
strictly vegan has potential for insufficient amounts of Vit. D & B12; also calcium, omega-3 fatty acids, iron and zinc
Term
phytochemicals
Definition
nonnutritive substances in plant-based foods that appear to have disease fighting properties
Term
antioxidants
Definition

compounds that guard other compounds from damaging oxidation.

 

Vit. A, C, E, and Selinium (ACES) are antioxidants

Term
fluid volume excess
Definition

a condition in which a person experiences increased fluid retention and edema

 

associated with a compromised regulatory mechanism, excess fluid intake, or excess sodium intake

Term
fluid volume deficit
Definition

a person experiences vascular, cellular or intracellular dehydration

 

severe fluid volume deficit occurs when body fluid levels fall by 10% of body weight

Term
factors favoring calcium absorption
Definition
sufficient vitamin D, lactose, acidity of digestive tract, body's need for higher amounts (pregnancy), and acidity of digestive mass
Term
factors hindering calcium absorption
Definition
aging, binders (phytic acid and oxalic acid), dietary fat, dietary fiber, drug use, excessive phosphorus intake, laxative use and sedentary lifestyle
Term
AMDR for carbs
Definition
45-65%
Term
AMDR for porteins
Definition
10-35%
Term
AMDR for lipids
Definition
25-35%
Term
DRI for fats
Definition

male- 40-97g/day

female- 40-97g/day

Term
DRI for carbs
Definition

male- 130g/day

female- 130g/day

Term
DRI for proteins
Definition

male- 56g/day

female- 46g/day

Term
fat soluble vitamins
Definition
D, E, A, K
Term
water soluble vitamins
Definition
C and all B vitamins
Term
vitamins that are toxic in large doses
Definition
A, D, and B6
Term
vitamin A
Definition

vision problems

 

vision, immune system

 

live, whole milk, fish, organe/green leafy veg.

Term
vitamin D
Definition

ricketts

 

maintains Ca/Ph, bone mineralization

 

sunlight, liver, fatty fish, egg yolks, fortified milk

Term
vitamin E
Definition

cystic fibrosis (secondary deficiency)

 

protects cell membranes, antioxidants

 

veg. oil, nuts, dark green veg.

Term
vitamin K
Definition

decreses effect of coumadin

 

synthesis of protein clotting factor

 

green leafy veg., eggs, bacterial intestinal synthesis

Term
vitamin B1
Definition

thiamin

 

beri beri, wernicki

 

coensyme in energery metabolism, nervous system function

 

whole grain, legumes, nuts, liver, pork

Term
vitamin B2
Definition

chelosis, glossotis

 

coenzyme in energy metabolism

 

milk, eggs, fish, dark leafy veg. whole grains

Term
vitamin B3
Definition

niacin

 

pellagra (3 Ds)

 

coenzyme in energy metabolism

 

meats, milk, whole grain

Term
vitamin B6
Definition

peroxidine

 

dermatitis, anemia

 

coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

 

meats, fish, fuits, green leafy veg. legumes

Term
folate
Definition

spina bifida (neural tude defects)

 

coenzyme in synthesis of new cells

 

animal sources

 

Term
vitamin B12
Definition

pernicious anemia

 

coenzyme in synthesis, antioxidant, wound healing

 

citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes

Term
vitamin C
Definition

scurvy

 

collagen synthesis, antioxidant, wound healing

 

citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes

Term
iron
Definition

RBC anemia, PICA

 

formation of hemoglobin

 

meats, grains, legumes, beans, dried fruit

Term
iodine
Definition

goiters

 

thyroid regulator

 

cabbage, turnips, salt

Term
chromium
Definition

insulin resistant

 

 

Term
calcium
Definition

ricketts, osteoporosis

 

bone and teeth structure

 

milk, cheese, yogurt, broccoli, kale, almonds

Term
Potassium
Definition

hypo/hyperkalemia

 

major intracellular cation

 

whole grains, oranges, bananas, legumes

Term
magnesium
Definition

twitching of muscles, growth failure

 

nerve/muscle function

 

broccoli, legumes, whole grains, nuts, poultry

Term
sodium
Definition

hypo/hypernatremia

 

major extracellular cation, fluid/electrolyte balance

 

spinach, beets, salt, milk, fish, poultry, celery, eggs

Term
phosphorus
Definition

refeeding syndrome

 

energy transfer, acid/base balance

 

eggs, meat, fish

Term
clear liquid diet
Definition

clear, non-nutritive; used for short term only, post op

 

broth, popsicles, gelatin, apple juice

Term
full liquid diet
Definition

used for transition diet; can be adequately nutritive with snacks

 

soups, milk, custard, veg juice

Term
pureed
Definition

used for oral or facial surgery, chewing/swallowing difficulties

 

all items on liquid diet, scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, and pureed meats, fuits/vegs

Term
mechanical soft diet
Definition

regular diet w/chopped, ground, minced; used for poorly fitting dentures, dysphagia

 

mashed, soft, ripened fruit, cooked soft veg., cottage cheese, pancakes

Term
soft diet
Definition

used as transition diet or w/mild GI problems

 

past, canned fruist/veg., moist, tender meats

Term
regular, diet as tolerated
Definition

no restrictions

 

all foods

Term
renal diet
Definition

controls protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and fluids; used for kidney problems (chronic renal failure)

 

fresh meats, eggs, rice, noodles, w/small amounts fruits, vegs, and milk

Term
diabetic diet
Definition

daily kcal distributed equally among bfast, lunch, dinner and snacks; give calculated amounts of carbs

 

no simple sugars, jams, honey, syrup, or frosting; may be limited in fat, sodium, or cholesterol

Term
sodium restricted diet
Definition

used for hypertension, heart disease, fluid retention, and renal patients; DASH diet

 

restrictions from milkd, moderate, and severe on sodium; fresh fruits/vegs, cheese, meats, alternative seasonings

Term
fiber diets
Definition

high fiber-used for constipation, IBS, obesity, hyperkalemia, diabetes

 

bran, oartmeal, steamed vegs, uncooked fruits

 

low fiber- used before surgery; limited to <10mg/day

 

canned fruits, cooked vegs, processed breads, cream/broth soups

 

 

Term
heart healthy diet
Definition
used for heart disease; restricted in sodium, fat, and cholesterol; controls fluid levels and blood levels of fat and cholesterol
Term
chornic dieting syndrome
Definition
a lifestyle that is inhibited or controlled by a constant concern about food intake, body shape, or weight that affects an individual's physical and mental health status
Term
anorexia nervosa
Definition

refusal to maintain normal body weight through self-imposed starvation

 

heart arrhythmias and death can occur

Term
bulimia nervosa
Definition

binge and purge syndrome

 

vomiting may cause dental problems

 

may use laxatives and enemas to purge food

Term
binge eating
Definition

often comes with obesity

 

also called compulsive eating

 

do not purge

Term
ADA nutrition care process
Definition

assessment

diagnosis

intervention

monitoring and evaluation

Term
enteral nutrition
Definition

tube feeing through catheter or stoma

 

still uses the GI system

Term
delivery methods for enteral nutrition
Definition

intermittent tube feeding

 

bolus feeding- short period of time

 

continuous drip method

 

cyclic feedings

Term
complications of enteral nutrtion
Definition
GI problems, cramps, distention, hyperglycemia, rapid weight gain, tube placement (aspirations)
Term
parenteral nutrtion (PN)
Definition

does not use GI system

 

goes into vein

Term
central parenteral nutrition (CPN)
Definition

uses the subclavian vein to the superior vena cava

 

also referred to as total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

 

used for longer term use- more than 2 wks

Term
peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)
Definition

smaller peripheral vein is used

 

usually in the forearm

 

shorter period of time

Term
basal metabolic rate
Definition
minimum calorie requirement to sustain body at rest after a 12 hour fast
Term
factors affecting BMR
Definition

age

sex- men have higher BMR than women

body size-larger bodies have higher BMR

if the body has more lean muscle, higher BMR

body temp- fever= higher BMR

fasting/starving- lowers BMR

stress

menstruation

thyroid function- hypo lowers, hyper raises

Term
EAR
Definition

estimated average requirement

 

amount of a nutrient needed to meet needs of 50% of a specific group that represents the need of a population

Term
RDA
Definition
nutrient needed to meet almost all of the people
Term
AI
Definition

adequate intake

 

approximate level of an average nutrient intake by observation of or experiementation with a particular population that appears to maintain good health

 

AI is used when not enough data for RDA

Term
UL
Definition

tolerable upper limit

 

safety boundary

Term
AMDR
Definition

acceptable macronutrient distribution

 

% of intake values

Term
EER
Definition

estimated energy requirement

 

energy needed to maintain body weight

Term
components of nutrition assessment
Definition

historical information

meical history- family and pt

personal and social history

cultural and religious consideration

food and nutrition history

biochemical analyses- visceral protein, serum albumin, prealbumin, total lymphocytes

physical exam- anthropomorphic data, etc.

Term
nurse problem solving method
Definition

assessment

diagnosis

planning

implementation

evaluation

Term
organic food standards
Definition

no synthetics, pesticides, antibiotics, hormones

 

 

Term
100%
Definition
all ingredients must meet standards
Term
organic
Definition
at least 95%meets standards and the other 5% must be approved
Term
made with organic ingred.
Definition
at least 70% meets up to 3 ingred.
Term
natural
Definition
less processed, more wholesome, no growing standards in place
Term
"a good source"
Definition
20% or more of a nutrient is present in a serving
Term
functions of essential nutrients
Definition

provide energy

regulate body processes

aid growth and tissue repair

organic nutrients have CHO

Term
essential fatty acids
Definition

linoleic

arachodonic

linolinic

healthy skin

aids in blood clotting and inflammation

ex. fish, shellfish, flax seeds

Term
essential vitamins
Definition

total of 13

 

A, D, E, K, B1-thiamine, B2-riboflavin, B3-niacin, B6-folate, B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, C

 

do not give energy, assist enzymes that release the energy from carbs, protein and fats

Term
essential minerals
Definition

MAJOR

 

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfure, sodium, potassium, chloride

 

TRACE

 

iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, fluoride, chromium, manganese, molybdenum

Term
fiber
Definition

cannot be digested by human enzymes

goes through the large intestines

bacteria digests some of it and the rest is eliminated as waste

 

binds to fats an cholesterol which helps the heart

Term
fluid concerns in older adults
Definition

diminished total body water

water can help with constipation

dehydration can increase the risk of blood clots, fatal cardiac disease and stroke

Term
nutritional concerns in older adults
Definition

need vit D= need doubles over 50 and triples over 70

 

need calcium= for bone loss

 

vit. B12= poor absorption

 

energy decreases but calorie needs increase, decreased protein due to ability to chew

Term
calorie and nutrient requirements in pregnancy
Definition

need folic acid (400-600 at least one month prior) and 600 mcg while pregnant

 

need 50% more iron and no ETOH, keep caffeine to less than 300mg/day (none is best)

 

add 25g above usual protein

Term
pregnancy caloric needs
Definition

1st trimester= 2200-2900

 

2nd trimester= add 300-400

 

3rd trimester= add 452

 

breastfeeding= add 500

Term
android shape
Definition

apple shape

 

greater risk for development of diseases related to weight gain

 

waist= >40" men and >30" women

Term
gynoid shape
Definition

pear shape

 

lessened health risk for weight carried in backside and thighs

Term
marasmus
Definition
not enough calories and not enough protein intake
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition

gets enough calories but not enough protein intake

 

(think plenty of Kcals goes with K in Kwashiorkor)

Term
super foods
Definition
spinach, sweet potatoes, skim and soy milk, blueberries, tomatoes, broccoli, whole grain bread, beans, yogurt, omega-3 rich fish, dark chocolate
Supporting users have an ad free experience!