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FINAL EXAM
vocab chapters 9-17
137
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2012

Additional Sociology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

absolute poverty

 

Definition
scarcity of resources so severe that it is life threatening
Term
capital 
Definition

money to invest in factories, real estate, and other businesses.

 

Term
calss
Definition
group of people who share a roughly similar economic position and lifestyle 
Term
calss mobility
Definition
ability to move from one social class to another
Term
classism
Definition
prejudice or discrimination based on social calss
Term
colonialism
Definition
use of military, political, and econoic power by one sociey to dominate the people of another society, usually for economic benefit
Term
conspicuous consupmtion
Definition

lavish spending done to compete for status with others

 

Term
cultuaral capital
Definition
various types of knowledge, skills, and other cultural resources
Term
deindustrialization
Definition

process by which investment in the nation's manufacturing capacity decreased

 

Term
dependency theory
Definition
theory that attributs global inequality to the exploitation of weaker, poor nations by wealthy, more powerful ones
Term
equal opportunity
Definition
idea that all people should have the same chance ot achieve success 
Term
feminization of poverty
Definition
a trend in which women made up an increasingly large share of the poor
Term
global inequality
Definition
 the differences in wealth and power among the countries of the world
Term
income
Definition
money received form sources such as wages, interest on savings, and dividends from stocks and bonds
Term
individual mobility
Definition
change in a person's class position that occurs wihtout any change in the larger class structure
Term
individualism
Definition
a system of beliefs that highlights theimportance of the single peson over any social group
Term
life chances
Definition
likelihood a person has of obtaining valued 
Term
meritocracy
Definition
notion that people are rewarded and are able to advance becasue of their abilities
Term
modernization theory
Definition
attributes global inequality to cultural diffences between countries
Term
neocolonialism
Definition
system of econimic domination of poorer nations by welthier ones without the use of formal political control or military occupation
Term
progressive taxation
Definition
tax policy in which those with higher incomes pay a higher rate
Term
public assistance
Definition
either tax credits or acual payments and benefits provided to citizens by the gov't
Term
regessive taxation
Definition
taxes that disproportionately affect those with lower incomes
Term
relative poverty
Definition
situation that exists when people do not have the basic resources to maintain a standard of living considered acceptable in their society
Term
social capital
Definition
relationships that are potentially economically valuable resulting form membership in a group
Term
structural mobility
Definition
change in position that occurs when a shift in available occupations changes th class system as a whole
Term
wealth
Definition
financial assets, such as savings, real estate, and stocks
Term
wold systems analysis
Definition
an approach that focuses on the interdependence among the countries that make up a single global economic system
Term
proletariat
Definition
those who survive on the wages they earn (working class)
Term
affirmative action
Definition
variety of policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination throuh the active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
Term
amalgamation
Definition
process by which a majority and a minority group blend or mix to form a new group
Term
assimilation
Definition
process by which members of a minority group come to adopt the culture of the majority group
Term
color-blind racism
Definition
a form of bias in which the promotion of race neutrality helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality
Term
ethnicity
Definition
shared cultural heritage often derived form a common ancestry and homeland
Term
pluralism
Definition
a situation in which distinct ethnic and racial groups coexist on equal terms and have equal social standing 
Term
race
Definition
category of people widely percieved as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color
Term
racial essentialism
Definition
idea that supposedly natural and immutable differences separate the races
Term
racialization of the state
Definition
implementation of gov't and private-sector policies that discriminated against minorities and provided Whites with numerous advantages
Term
scapegoat
Definition
individual or group of people falsely blamed for a negative situation
Term
feminism
Definition
philosophy that advocates social, political and economic equality for women and men
Term
segreagation
Definition
keeping distinct social groups physically and socially separate and unequal
Term
split labor market theory
Definition
theory that ethnic and racial conflicts often emerge when two racial or ethnic groups compete for the same jobs
Term
transnational migrants
Definition
immigrants who retain strong personal, cultural, and economic ties to both their country of birth and their newly adopted home.
Term
asexual
Definition
people who experience no sexual attraction for anyone
Term
doing gender
Definition

creating gender through interactions in particular social settings

 

Term
gender convergence
Definition
trend toward increasing similarity in how women and menlive
Term
gender expression
Definition
the way a person communicates gender identity to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means
Term
gender identity
Definition
person's identification as a woman, a man, or some combination of the two
Term
gender role
Definition
set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex
Term
gender stratification
Definition
systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between woman and men
Term
glass ceiling
Definition
often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to higher levels of leadership and management
Term
heterosexism
Definition
attitudes and behavior that indicate an assumption that everyone is heterosexual
Term
incest taboo
Definition
norm restricting sexual relations between certain relatives
Term
matriarchy
Definition
social system dominated by women
Term
patriarchy
Definition
social system dominated by men
Term
second shift
Definition
phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsiblity for housework and children
Term
civil religion
Definition
set of common beliefs andritual practices that bing people in a predominantly secular society
Term
cohabitation
Definition
social relationship that can create family ties and typically involces sexual intimacy, in which people live together as unmarried partners
Term
endogamy
Definition
legal restrictions or customs that limit marriage to people within the same social category
Term
ethic of reciprocity
Definition
encourages people to follow the "golden rule" 
Term
exogamy
Definition
marriage between people from different social categories
Term
extended family
Definition
nuclear family plus other relatives who commonly live together 
Term
fundamentalism
Definition
religious movement that advocates srict adherence to traditional principles in all aspects of social life, usually based on literal interpretation of a religion's infallible sacred texts
Term
liberation theology
Definition
from of Christian belief dedicated to combating poverty and other forms of social injustice
Term
monogamy
Definition
practice of restricting sexual relations to one partner
Term
polygamy
Definition
marriage system in which an individual is allowed multiple spouses
Term
profane
Definition
ordinary world of everyday life
Term
sect
Definition
small dissenting faction of a church that promotes new beliefs or practices
Term
secular humanism
Definition
belief system that emphasizes morality and deciion making based on reason, ethics, and social justice rather than religious doctorine or the supernatural
Term
secularization
Definition
decline in the social significance of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions
Term
secularization thesis
Definition
argument that, in the face of modernity, the social significance of religion has declined
Term
theism
Definition
a belief in the existance of a god or gods
Term
bilingual education
Definition
instruction in both a student's  first language and english
Term
charter schools
Definition
public schools run by an organization that is independent from local school districts
Term
collective bargaining
Definition
negotiations between union representatives and an employer on questions of pay, bebefits, and working conditions
Term
comparable worth
Definition
a commitment to setting salaries for different job titles based on their value to an employer, regardless of the typical gender of those working in such jobs
Term
credentialing
Definition
process whereby those with advanced educational degrees and formal certificates monoplize access to the most rewarding jobs
Term
cultural capital
Definition
forms of knowledge, taste, preferences, and styles that high-status groups use to signal their status and to exclude others from their social circles
Term
emotional labor
Definition
jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients
Term
gender division of labor
Definition

differences between men and women in access to jobs

 

Term
hidden curriculum 
Definition
lessons students learn simply by attending school, in contrast to the lessons from the formal subject-specific curriculum
Term
moral education
Definition
the role of schools in teaching children the central values and beliefs of their society
Term
school choice
Definition
various policies that give families options for deciding which school their children will attend
Term
scientific management
Definition
(aka taylorism) the effort by trained managers to stydy workflow and develop precise procedures that govern the completion of work tasks
Term
shopfloor culture
Definition
a distinctive set of norms and rules that shape daily behavior and interaction on the job
Term
social reproduction theory
Definition
explores the ways that schools help to reproduce systems of inequality
Term
status attainment
Definition
process by which people come to occupy a certain level in a social hierarchy
Term
tracking
Definition
placing students into different curricular paths inteded to accommodate varying levels of academic work
Term
active audiences
Definition
make choices about how they use the media and actively intepret media content
Term
agenda-setting theory
Definition
the media may not be able to tell people what to think but can significantly influence what people think about
Term
alienation
Definition
separation and isolation of workers as a result of the structure of capitalist society
Term
behavioral targeting
Definition
advertising sent to online users based on their earlier internet activities
Term
commodification
Definition
process of transforming all things into a product to be bought and sold
Term
commodity fetishism
Definition
consumer's failure to recognize the labor tthat created the vale in the commodities they use
Term
consumerism
Definition
emphasis on shopping and the possesion of meterial goods as the route to personal happiness
Term
convergance
Definition
the merging of different media forms
Term
cultivation theory
Definition
argues that, by repeated long term exposure to the media's portrayal of the world (especially on tv), people come to accept many of these depictions as reality
Term
cultural imperialism
Definition
tendency of media corporations from wealthier nations--especially the US--to export so many of their media products that they come to ominate the local cultures of other, especially poorer, nations
Term
digital divide
Definition
 the gap between those who have the knowledge and resources needed to use digital info tech, especially computers and the internet, and those who do not
Term
dual product markets
Definition
company produces two completely different products and sells them to two completely different groups of buyers
Term
horizontal integreation
Definition
what occurs when a media company owns different forms of media
Term
hyperreality
Definition
condition in which media depictions of the world replace the experience of the "real" world
Term
ownership concentration
Definition
what occurs when more media outlets come to be owned by  a diminishing number of media corporations
Term
planned obsolescence
Definition
intentional design and manufacture of consumer goods so as to ensure a loss of utility in a relatively short period of time
Term
product placement
Definition
the integration into media content of a product that is being advertised
Term
stealth advertising
Definition
creation of covert advertising in everyday real-life situations
Term
user-generated content
Definition
content that is created by ordinary media users, rather than by media organizaitons and that is available to a potentially large audience
Term
vertical integration
Definition

what occurs when a media company owns the different stages of production and distribution of a single media form

 

Term
built environment
Definition
the physical surroundings that humans create, including thebuildings, roads, dams, homes, and consumer products we use every day 
Term
community studies
Definition
a field that typically looks at groups of people who share some common tie and engage in social interaction within a particular geographic area
Term
Gemeinschaft
Definition
social organization in which most relationships are based on the long-term personal ties of collective kinship, common tradition, and shared values
Term
gentrification
Definition
the process of rehabilitating older houseing stock and investing in neighborhood development in a way that typically attracts new, higher-income residents
Term
Gesellschaft
Definition
social organization in which most social relationships are impersonal, temporary, and based primarily on the pursuit of individual rational self-interest
Term
growth machines
Definition
a label for cities that highlights how poerful busisnesses and politicians work together to promote urban development, often while ignoring the interests of ordinary citizens
Term
health disparities
Definition
persistant patterns of inequality in health
Term
human ecology
Definition
the study of the links between the physical environent--natural and built--and social life
Term
natural environment
Definition
the land, water, air, vegetation, and organisms that make up the physical world
Term
new urban sociology
Definition
an approach to studying  cities that focuses on the interactions of politics and economics and locates the in the larger context of the global economy
Term
professional authority
Definition
legitimate power to define the terms of discussion within a specific field
Term
redlining
Definition
use of discriminatory practices in the sale or rental of housing to minorities
Term
social environent
Definition
cultural context and patterns of relationships within which humans live
Term
sprawl
Definition
low-density development that dsperses people over a wide area, separates homes from workplaces and stores, and depends heavily on cars for transportation
Term
sustainability
Definition
balance between resource protction and consumption that can be maintained indefinitely
Term
treadmill of production
Definition
a term that refers to the way capital-intensive industries and the modern state, in pursuit of continual growth as a central good, have led to increasing resource depletion and worsening pollution
Term
authoritarian gov't
Definition
gov't that typically features self appointed leaders wwho exert great control over the lives of citizens, which includes severely limiting their civil liberties
Term
class domination theory
Definition
suggests that political power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, who own or control a large share of the nation's economic resources
Term
convergence theory
Definition
suggest capitalist and socialist economies are becoming increasingly similar
Term
mixed economies
Definition
economies that combine elements of both market-based capitalism with the significant governtment intervention associated with socialism
Term
monarchy
Definition
a system of gov't headed by a single person, the monarch, who typically inheris the position as a member of a ruling family
Term
pluralist theory
Definition
argues that political power is fragmented with the most votes wins the office being contested
Term
political socialization
Definition
inculcation of basic norms and expectations about political life and attitudes toward involvement in politics
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