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Final Exam
N/A
97
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is introspection?
Definition
The self-examination for one's own emotional and mental processes
Term
What is the definition of contemporary psychology
Definition
behavior and mental processes
Term
What was William Wundt studying in his experiment
Definition
reactions to sensory stimulation
Term
Who was William James and what did he do?
Definition
American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology
Term
Who was Mary Calkins
Definition
student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association
Term
Which historical psychological figure used introspection as a research tool
Definition
Wilhelm Wundt
Term
Behaviorists dismissed the value of what discipline
Definition
science
Term
What type of scientist was Sigmund Freud before he became famous in psychology
Definition
physician
Term
What is the neuroscience perspective
Definition
blood chemistry
Term
What is the psychodynamic perspective
Definition
unconscious conflicts
Term
What is the behavioral perspective
Definition
how we learn observable responses
Term
What do the various theoretical perspective have in common
Definition
often complement one another
Term
What is social psychology
Definition
The branch of human psychology that deals with the behavior of groups and the influence of social factors on the individual.
Term
. What is industrial/organizational psychology
Definition
The branch of applied psychology that is concerned with efficient management of an industrial labor force and especially with problems encountered by workers in a mechanized environment.
Term
What is a clinical psychologist
Definition
Branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Term
What is a hypothesis
Definition
prediction that gives direction to research
Term
. Who conducted the first experimental studies of associate learning
Definition
Pavlov
Term
. In what field of study in psychology was John B. Watson associated
Definition
behaviorist
Term
In Pavlov's experiment, what was the UCS
Definition
the presentation of food in the dog's mouth
Term
What was the UCR in Pavlov experiment
Definition
dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food
Term
What is generalization
Definition
Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles
Term
What is the basic theory of operant conditioning
Definition
behavior said to be influenced by its consequences
Term
What is a reinforcer
Definition
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows
Term
What is a fixed interval schedule
Definition
specified time period has elapsed
Term
What is punishment
Definition
An aversive consequence that decreases the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it
Term
What is observational learning
Definition
Our ability to learn by witnessing and imitating the behavior of others
Term
What is encoding
Definition
getting information into memory
Term
What is retrieval
Definition
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Term
What is short-term memory
Definition
Your consciously activated but limited capacity memory
Term
What does automatic and effortful processing involve
Definition
Encoding
Term
What is rehearsal
Definition
The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in memory
Term
What is a mnemonic device
Definition
memory aid
Term
What method did ancient Greeks use to memorize speeches
Definition
the next in line effect
Term
What is long term memory
Definition
essentially unlimited storage capacity
Term
What are memories primed by
Definition
retrieval cues
Term
What is an algorithm
Definition
methodical step by step procedure for solving problems
Term
What is fixation
Definition
inability to take a new perspective on a problem
Term
What is functional fixedness
Definition
tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses
Term
What is overconfidence
Definition
well-established bias in which someone's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than their objective accuracy, especially when confidence is relatively high
Term
What is babbling
Definition
earliest stage of speech development
Term
What is Spearman g factor
Definition
a general intelligence that underlies success on a wide variety of tasks
Term
What is emotional intelligence
Definition
ability to control one's impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-term goals
Term
What is the WAIS- what are the subtests
Definition
Object assembly, picture arrangement, and block design
Term
Know about Down syndrome
Definition
mentally retarded due to neglect during infancy, extra chromosome in ones genetic makeup
Term
What is motivation
Definition
A a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Term
What are instincts
Definition
A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
Term
. Review Maslow's hierarchy of human motives.
Definition
Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualizatiion
Term
What is set point
Definition
Point at which an individual weight thermostat is supposedly set. Body falls below this weight an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act.
Term
. What is anorexia nervosa
Definition
Eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight.
Term
What is testosterone and estrogen
Definition
How do they affect sexual receptivity? Estrogen-sex hormone secreted in greater amounts by females than by males, peak during ovulation promoting sexual receptivity. Testosterone-most important of the male sex hormones both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex
Term
Teens delay becoming sexually active if what happens
Definition
?High inteligence?
Term
Who are evolutionary psychologists and what is their theory
Definition
?William james?
Term
What physiological reactions are caused by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Definition
Sympathetic directs adrenal glands atop kidney to release the stress hormone epinephrine and norepinephrine. Parasympathetic calms the body, stops chemicals and slowly lower arousal
Term
What parts of the body are involved in the universally understandable language of human emotion?
Definition
Facial expressions
Term
What is the feel-good, do-good phenomenon?
Definition
People tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Term
What is the function of the adrenal gland
Definition
? sponsible for releasing hormones in conjunction with stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines
Term
What did Friedman and Rosenman study What were their conclusions?
Definition
More stress= more prone to heart disease.
Term
What has aerobic exercise been linked to?
Definition
Manage stress, reduce depression
Term
What is free association?
Definition
In psychoanalysis a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no mater how trivial or ebarrassing
Term
What are the id, ego and superego?
Definition
Id-contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, ego-the largelty conscious executive part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality, superego-personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standarsds for judgment.
Term
What are projective tests?
Definition
Personality test, provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics.
Term
What is Carl Rogers' theory? Review it and know the basic ideas.
Definition
People nurture our growth by being genuine, accepting, empathic. Genuine-open with their own feeling, accepting-offering us unconditional positive regard an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Empathic-sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings.
Term
What are traits?
Definition
Characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, self report inventories and peer reports.
Term
. Review the Big Five trait theory
Definition
CANOE, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion.
Term
. What man is associated with the social-cognitive perspective
Definition
Albert bandura
Term
What is external and internal locus of control?
Definition
External-the perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine ones fate, internal-the perception that one controls ones own fate.
Term
What is learned helplessness?
Definition
Hopelessness and passive resignation n animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Term
What is the best indicator of a person's level of optimism?
Definition
Measure of how helpless or effective you feel
Term
What is the spotlight effect?
Definition
Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance performance and blunders, like spotlight on us
Term
What is the self-serving bias?
Definition
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Term
What is the theory behind the medical model and mental illness?
Definition
Concept that diseases, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and cured with treatment in a hospital.
Term
What is the DSM-IV?
Definition
American psychiatric association diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder fourth edition- widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
Term
What is a fundamental problem with diagnostic labeling?
Definition
View that person differently when we label them
Term
amnesia?
Definition
s a condition in which memory is disturbed or lost
Term
long term potentiation
Definition
long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously
Term
repression
Definition
heoretical concept used to describe a significant memory, usually of a traumatic nature, that has become unavailable for recall
Term
mood congruent memory
Definition
When we encode a memory, we not only record the visual and other sensory data, we also store our mood and emotional state.
Term
framing effect
Definition
one of the cognitive biases, describes that presenting the same option in different formats can alter people's decisions.
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
tendency for people to prefer information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses, independently of whether they are true.
Term
belief perseverance phenomemon
Definition
tendency to hold to our beliefs all the more in the face of evidence to the contrary
Term
representative heuristic
Definition
rule of thumb wherein people judge the probability or frequency of a hypothesis by considering how much the hypothesis resembles available data as opposed to using a Bayesian calculation, judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, particular prototypes, may lead one to ignore other relevant info
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
people predict the frequency of an event, or a proportion within a population, based on how easily an example can be brought to mind.
Term
aptitude test
Definition
test designed to predict a persons future performance
Term
achievement test
Definition
test designed to assess what a person has learned
Term
homeostasis
Definition
roperty of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition
Term
refractory period
Definition
he amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following excitation in the areas of biology, physiology, and cardiology.
Term
Incentive
Definition
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates a behavior.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms including humans
Term
epinephrine
Definition
adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter.[1] When produced in the body it increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels and dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.
Term
testosterone,
Definition
steroid hormone from the androgen group. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands
Term
insulin
Definition
hormone that is central to regulating the energy and glucose metabolism in the body
Term
fixation
Definition
the state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an attachment to another human, an animal, or an inanimate object
Term
preconscious
Definition
thoughts which are unconscious at the particular moment in question, but which are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily capable of becoming conscious
Term
projection
Definition
unconscious act of denial of a person's own attributes, thoughts, and emotions, which are then ascribed to the outside world, such as to the weather, the government, a tool, or to other people. Thus, it involves imagining or projecting that others have those feelings.
Term
displacement
Definition
unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind redirects affects from an object felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object felt to be safe or acceptable.[1] For instance, some people punch cushions when they are angry at friends; a college student may snap at his or her roommate when upset about an exam grade.
Term
regression
Definition
efensive reaction to some unaccepted impulses
Term
reaction formation.
Definition
defensive process (defense mechanism) in which anxiety-producing or unacceptable emotions and impulses are mastered by exaggeration (hypertrophy) of the directly opposing tendency
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