Shared Flashcard Set

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Final Exam
key terms/points
120
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Triplett noticed what about bicycle racers?
Definition
Raced faster against each other than when against the clock
Term
Normative function  
Definition
The role of others in setting norms or standards of conduct
Term
Comparative function
Definition
Group provides information about reality; to allow the individual to test his own idea of what is true and real by checking his perceptions against others
Term
What happened to Kitty Genovese ?
Definition
She was stabbed outside her apartment
Term
Kitty Genovese case - Why did none of the bystanders call the police?
Definition
They saw all the other bystanders to the crime, so they assumed that someone else had already called the police, so no they didn’t have to
Term
What are the two major decisions required in reacting to an emergency?
Definition

1) is the situation really an emergency?

2) what to do if it is an emergency? 

Term
Social proof 
Definition
People often take cues from others when deciding what to think or do in circumstances of uncertainty
Term
Diffusion of responsibility
Definition
The mere presence of others may lead the observer to decide that since there are so many others present, the responsibility for taking action (or the blame for not taking action) is not his alone, but shared by everyone else
Term
Zimbardo
Definition
"Mock Prison" - study the behavior of normal people under situations of authority
Term
Milgram
Definition
"shock experiment" - learner vs. teacher
Term
Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment" and Milgram's experiment on authority cause help explain what?
Definition
Guard and soldier's behaviors in prisons, concentration camps, and extermination camps (WWII)
Term
Milgram's experiement - when the experimentor is closer to the teacher, the teacher is [more/less] likely to shock every time
Definition
More
Term
Milgram's experiment - when the teacher is close to the learner, the teacher is [more/less] likely to give a shock every time
Definition
Less
Term
Milgram's experiment - when the learner is far away from the teacher, the teacher is [more/less] likely to give a shock every time
Definition
More
Term
What are three factors that explain the obedience of subjects in the David Stewart prank calls?
Definition

1) Authoritive figure

2) Demanding tone and language

3) Gradual Increase of demands 

Term
Bandura
Definition
Bobo doll experiment - taped one of his students beating a bobo doll and then showed it to a group of kindergarten students
Term
Bandura - were the actions of the children continued with a real clown?
Definition
Yes
Term
Social Bahaviour
Definition
Behavior in which the actions of one individual affects the reproductive success of another individual
Term
Fitness
Definition
The ability to produce offspring and successfully raise them to adulthood
Term
Foraging
Definition
Search for food
Term
2 advantages of foraging in groups
Definition

1) more opportunities to eat with more people looking

2) some individuals can keep an eye out for predators while others search for food 

Term
Altruism
Definition
Behavior in which the actor incurs a cost to provide a benefit to a recipien
Term
Is foraging considered an altruistic bahaviour?
Definition
No, because the actor gains from performing the behavior
Term
Cooperative breeders  
Definition
Some individuals delay own reproduction to help rear offspring of others
Term
Eusocial hymenoptera
Definition
Many individuals don’t have reproductive organs and don’t reproduce, they spend their time serving the colony
Term
Are 'alarm calls' considered an altruistic bahaviour?
Definition
Yes, since the individual warning the others of a predator’s presence is more likely to be captured since it is alerting the predator of it’s location
Term
3 cues of kinship
Definition

1) mothers association

2) co-residence

3) face recognition 

Term
Hamilton's rule
Definition
rB > C
Term
Hamilton's rule - r=?
Definition
Coefficient of relatedness
Term
Hamilton's rule - C=?
Definition
Cost to actor
Term
Coefficient of relatedness - siblings
Definition
0.50
Term
Coefficient of relatedness - aunt/uncle/grandparent
Definition
0.25
Term
Coefficient of relatedness - first cousin
Definition
0.125
Term
Direct fitness
Definition
The number of offspring that an individual produces that make it to reproductive age
Term
Indirect fitness
Definition
Fitness gained through effects of actions on the reproduction of kin, discounted by coefficient of relatedness
Term
Freud's approach on personality
Definition
Tripartite approach
Term
The three personality structures proposed by Freud
Definition

Id

Ego

Superego 

Term
Id
Definition
Basic instincts, motivational evergy, avoid pain and experience pleasure, food/water/sex, instant gratification
Term
Superego
Definition
moral values - respect rules and obey principles, appears around age 5/6, self-control, concience
Term
Ego
Definition
Mediator between id and superego, aware of reality, find a balance
Term
Which of the id, ego, and superego are dominantly unconcious
Definition
id
Term
What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
Definition
Oral - anal - phallic stage and oedipus rex - latency - genital
Term
What are Erikson's psychosocial stages?
Definition
oral-sensory, muscular-anal, locomotor-genital, latency, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, maturity/old age
Term
Oral sensory stage - conflict?
Definition
trust vs. mistrust
Term
muscular-anal stage - conflict?
Definition
autonomy vs. doubt/shame
Term
locomotor-genital stage - conflict?
Definition
initiative vs. guilt
Term
letency stage - conflict?
Definition
industriousness vs. inferiority
Term
adolescence stage - conflict?
Definition
identity cohesion vs. role confusion
Term
young adulthood stage - conflict?
Definition
intimacy vs. isolation
Term
adulthood stage - conflict?
Definition
generativity vs. stagnation
Term
maturity/old age stage - conflict?
Definition
ego integrity vs. despair
Term
Oedipus
Definition
Killed his father and married his mother
Term
Trust vs. mistrust
Definition

If needs are met, then infant will trust those around them.

If needs are not met, infant will be doubtful of those around them 

Term
autonomy vs. doubt/shame
Definition

If child allowed to move at their own pace, they will learn autonomy and free will

If not, child will associate shame with the choices they make 

Term
initiative vs. guilt
Definition

If successful, child develops desire to try new things and deal with failure

If unsuccessful, child will not handle failure well 

Term
identity cohesion vs. role confusion
Definition
Establishing an integrated sense of self develops the individuals ego identity
If unsuccessful, individual will not form proper ego identity
Term
intimacy vs. isolation
Definition

Develop strong emotional connections with others

 

If unsuccessful, individual will not develop relationships and become isolated

Term
generativity vs. stagnation
Definition

Includes possible midlife crisis

 

To be successful, one must focus on others and contribute to the community and the younger generation

Term
ego integrity vs. despair
Definition
If all eight stages completed, individual develops ego integrity by finding satisfaction and meaning in their life
Term
Correspondant inference theory
Definition
how we decide to attribute behaviour - we observe and actively analyse it
Term
Degree of choice
Definition

do they believe in the actions?

 

High dgree:

chosen

more probable to infer individual truly believes in that side of the argument

 

Low degree:

randomly assigned

other less probably to make inference

 

Term
Expectation - 3 points
Definition

influences attributions

 

require some pre-existing expectancies about the individual/group

 

uncommon behavior gives us a lot more information than common behavior 

Term
influences are based on (3)
Definition

degree of choice

 

expectations

 

intended consequence 

Term
intended consequence
Definition
the more unusual or undesirable the bahavior the easier it will be to determine what the underlying cause of the behavior is - motivation behind behavior
Term
Kelley
Definition
Convariation theory
Term
Cognitive heuristics
Definition
we take shortcuts to attribute faster, but see only a limited amount of detail about the person
Term
representative heuristics
Definition
we classify people considering how well their behavior fits with certain prototypes
Term
availability heuristics
Definition
we decide how likely an event is by considering how easy it is to come up with examples of that event
Term
Fundamental attribution error
Definition
we overestimate the role of personal factors such as abilities and personality traits and underestimate the role of situational factors
Term
situational attribution
Definition
retain positive impression of person
Term
personal attribution
Definition
less likely to remain positive
Term
Actor-observer effect
Definition
more likely to attribute other's bad behaviors and own's to situational
Term
Information integration theory
Definition
we form impressions based on our personal disposition and a weighted average of the traits of the person we are forming an image of
Term
Factors that affect judgement (3)
Definition

our mood

recent experiences

exposure to certain words 

Term
attitudes
Definition
feelings and beliefs based on our past experiences which can influence out behavior (can change over time)
Term
Fazio
Definition
attitudes are more likely to influence behavior
Term
Attitudes can be describd in 3 ways
Definition

Cognitively

Emotionally

Bahaviorally 

Term
Cognitive dissonance
Definition
uncomfortable feeling when a person begins to understand that something the person believes to be true is, in fact, not true
Term
stereotype
Definition
fixed, overtly simple impressions of others of certain social groups
Term
illusory correlations
Definition
perceiving non-existant relationships or exaggerated strengths of a relationship
Term
stockholm syndrome
Definition
kidnapped individuals who bond with their kidnapper, and do not wish to leave
Term
over-justification effect
Definition
if you justify an action, dissonance won't occus and attitude change will fail
Term
Waste-to-hip ratio
Definition

mature woman <1 is less likely to develop heart problems and diabetes and less likely to have problems conceiving

 

pregers women >1

 

pre-pubescent girl =1 

Term
Smaller women are more attactive in food [abundant/scarce] countries
Definition
abundant
Term
Larger women are more attactive in food [abundant/scarce] countries
Definition
scarce
Term
Why are women attracted to older men?
Definition
Older men tend to be more financially stable - women like money since they are able to provide
Term
Low mutational load
Definition

high genetic quality

attractive mates 

Term
high mutational load
Definition

low genetic quality

unattractive mate 

Term
symmetry
Definition
indicative of few developmental errors, low mutational load, and high genetic quality
Term
humor
Definition
indicative of good brain function = low mutational load, few developmental errors and high genetic quality
Term
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
Definition

Genes whose alleles exist in an especially wide variety of forms


  

Term
Why are different MHC are more compatible than similar MHC
Definition
avoid inbreeding, and increase immunity on offspring & fitness
Term
Oral contraceptives & MHC
Definition
reverses effect of MHC selection - will be attracted to similar MHC
Term
Mere Eropure Effect
Definition
see into something just once makes up like it more
Term
Co-actors
Definition
others present who are doing the same thing
Term
Darley and Latane
Definition
People in cubicles and someone calls for help. More people - less likely person is to see help
Term
Zajono's resolution
Definition
the presence of others arouses the dominant response in individuals
Term
2 reasons for conformity
Definition
normative & comparative function
Term
Latane and Darley
Definition

test in room - smoke enters

 

took longer to report smoke with larger number of people 

Term
The "risky shift"
Definition
when individuals make decisions about risk then discuss it - polarizes after group discussion
Term
Disguised self-interest
Definition
we help each other so we can receive recognition or reward for our behavior
Term
Social norms (helping theories)
Definition
help those who help you - because it is expected
Term
Maslow
Definition
hierarchy of needs
Term
5 steps of Maslow's hierarchy
Definition
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Term
Physiological needs
Definition
breating, food, sleep, and sex
Term
safety needs
Definition
security of body, employment, health, family
Term
love/belonging needs
Definition
friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Term
esteem needs
Definition
self-esteem, confidence, respect from others
Term
self-actualization needs
Definition
morality, creativity, spontaneity
Term
McCrae and Costa's Codel
Definition

O-C-E-A-N

Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism 

Term
Openness (OCEAN)
Definition
to new experiences
Term
Conscientiousness (OCEAN)
Definition
well-ordered life
Term
Extraversion (OCEAN)
Definition
desire to engage in social interaction
Term
Agreeableness (OCEAN)
Definition
warm, compassionate, polite, caring, cooperative
Term
Neuroticism (OCEAN)
Definition
high schored are not desirable - distress regarding fear and depression
Term
industriousness vs. inferiority
Definition
This stage is resolved successfully if child learns that he is capable of setting and 
achieving a goal
Term
Asch
Definition
3 Line experiment - normative function
Term
Disguised self-interest
Definition
help others so we can receive recognition or reward for our bahavior
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