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Final Exam
Learning
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
REM Sleep in dreams
Definition
  • 80-85% of the time, dreams are reported if the person is awakened from REM sleep
  • About 15% of the time from non-REM sleep

 

Term
What are the research methods for dreams?
Definition
Surveys, diaries, and sleep lab
Term
What is content analysis of dreams?
Definition
Putting the content of dream repeats into catagories and statisically examining the occurence of the context
Term

Influencing Dreams:

What are first night effects?

Definition
In a sleep lab, many sleep charcteristics are unusual the first night sleeping, including dreams
Term

Influencing Dreams:

Wearing red-tinted goggles?

Definition

Worn while awake;

Term

Influencing Dreams:

What is lucid dreaming?

Definition

You know you are dreaming and can often take voluntary control of the action

Term

Influencing Dreams:

What does stimulating while dreaming entale, and how effective was it?

Definition
  • Water in the face: 42%
  • Light in the face: 23%
  • Tone: 97%
Term
What are False Awakenings?
Definition
While dreaming you wake up, you dream you do something, you dream going back to sleep
Term
What is sleep paralysis?
Definition
Waking and feeling paralyzed
Term

Dream Theories:

Dreams have meaning

 

Definition
Sigmeud Freud: Dreams have meaning, and can be inturpreted
Term

Dream Theories-Dremas have meaning

What is the maifest content of a dream?

Definition
The remember story line of a dream
Term

Dream Theories- Dremas have meaning

What is the latent content of a dream?

Definition

Meaning of the dream

  • Dreams as ways to solve problems

 

Term

What are all Dream Theories?

Definition
  • Dreams have meaning
  • Dreams as ways to solve probelms
  • Biological theories
Term

Dream Theories:

What is the Biological theory?

Definition
Dreams are the bi-product of neurological activity
Term
What is the Activation Synthesis Theory?
Definition
Dreams result from the electrical storm from subcortical areas (activation); cortex tries to make sense of these random signals (synthesis)
Term

What is learning?

Definition
A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience and practice
Term
What is associative learning?
Definition
Learning that two events occur together
Term
What is associated classical conditioning?
Definition

When one associates 2 stimuli

Term
What is opperant conditioning?
Definition
When you assoiciate a responce and it's consequences
Term
What is Classical conditioning?
Definition

A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.

A neural stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus and begins to produce a responce that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Term
What is the unconditioned stimulus? (US)
Definition

Natually and automatically triggers a responce

  • Pavlov experiment: US=Meat
Term
What is the unconditioned responce? (UR)
Definition

The unlearned and natually occuring responce to the unconditioned stimulus

  • Pavlov experiemement: Salivate #1
Term

What is the Conditioned Stimulus? (CS)

Definition

A neural stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned responce

  • Pavlov experiment: Tone 1 and 2
Term
What is the Neutral Stimulus?
Definition
doesn't produce the conditioned responce before training
Term
What is the conditioned responce? (R)
Definition

A learned responce to a previously neutral stimulus

  • Pavlov experiment: Salivate 2

 

Term
What is short-delayed conditioning?
Definition
CS begins just before US and CS and UCS end together-usually effective
Term
What is Backwards conditioning?
Definition
CU occurs after US
Term
What is Acquisition?
Definition
Phase in which a conditioned stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned responce
Term
What is Extinction?
Definition
Gradual weakening and disapperence of a conditioned responce by presenting the conditioned stimulus repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
Term
What is Generalization?
Definition
Tendency to respond in the same way to stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus
Term
What is Discrimination?
Definition
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
Term
What is Spontanious Recovery?
Definition
The reapperence after a pause of an extingueshed CR
Term
How is classical conditioning used in TV commercials?
Definition
By using catchy tunes and slogans to trigger your memory
Term
What is systematic desenitization?
Definition
  • The make of hiarchy fears
  • associate least feared item with with relaxation responce
  • work way up the hiarchy until relax to the phobic item
Term

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Definition
A taste associated with nausia and is avoided in the future
Term
What are some supprising findings of conditioned taste aversion?
Definition
  • Can be several hours between the CS (taste) and UR (illness) Normally a few seconds
  • One trial conditioning
  • Lasts a long time
  • Doesn't occur with usual auditory, or tactile conditioned stimuli
Term
Why is taste easily associated with illness?
Definition
Biological predispositions to associate taste with illness, and visual, auditory, and tactile sensations with the assult on the body
Term
What is Operant Conditioning?
Definition
  • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
  • Type of learning in which behavior is streghnthened if fallowed by a reinforcer and weakened if fallowed by a punisher
Term

What is the Skinner Box?

Definition
A small enclosure in which responces of which an animal can be recorded and consequences of the responses controlled
Term
What is the Law of Effect?
Definition

Behaviors fallowed by favorable consequenses become more likely to occur in the future; behaviors fallowed by unfavorable consequenses become less likely to occur in the future

  • Formulated by Edward Thorndike (1874-1948)
Term
What is a positive reinforcer?
Definition
A stimulus that when presented after a response stregnthens the response
Term
What is a Negitive reinforcer?
Definition

A stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the response

  • NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT IS NOT PUNISHMENT
Term

What is a Positive Reinforcer?

Definition

An inately reinforcing stimulus

  • usually satisfies a biological need
  • ex: food, water, access to sex
Term
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
Definition
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power from association with a primary reinforcer
Term
What is token?
Definition
Can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer
Term
What is Punishment?
Definition
An event that decreases the behavior that it fallows
Term
What are some possible problems with punishment?
Definition
  • General suppression of behavior may occur
  • Doesn't guide the organism to the desireed behavior
  • May increase agressiveness
  • Undesirable behavior may reappear in safe settings
  • In life, we don't get reinforced after every learned act or punishment after every undesirable act
Term
What is shaping?
Definition
Reinforcers guide behavior forwards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Term
What are discrimative stimuli?
Definition
A signal that a response will be reinforced or punished (cop car)
Term
What is the clever hans effect?
Definition
Inadvertantly cue an animal or human
Term
What is continuous reinforcement?
Definition

The disired response is reinforced everytime

  • Results in quick learning but little resistence to extinction
Term
What is partial reinforcement?
Definition

Responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not

  • Results in slower learning but greater resistence to extinction
Term
What are the 4 basic schedules of reinforcement?
Definition
  1. Fixed Ratio
  2. Variable Ration
  3. Fixed Interval
  4. Variable Interval
Term

4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement:

  1. Fixed Ratio
Definition

Behavior is reinforced after a set number of responses

  • Result in a high number of response
  • But it extinguishes relatively quickly
Term

4 Basic Scheduals of Reinforcement:

 

2. Variable Ratio

Definition

Behavior is reinforced aftter an unpedictable number of responses

  • Results in a high rate of responding that is resistent to extinction
  • EX: slot machine
Term

4 Basic Scheduals of Reinforcement:

 

3. Fixed Interval

Definition

The first response after a fixed time period is reinforced

  • responses really decrease between reinforcements and increase greatly near reinforcement time
Term

4 Basic Schedules of Reinforcement

 

4. Variable Interval

Definition

The first response after a varying time interval is reinforced

  • results in a low rate of responding but persists for a very long time

 

Term
What type of schedule is gambeling?
Definition
2. Variable Ratio
Term
What is Memory?
Definition
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Term
What is Flashbulb memory?
Definition
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Term
Under what circumstances does Flasbulb memory occur?
Definition

Includes memories of incidental details

  • Narrative reconstruction
  • POINT: Strongest memory is not just a simple recording of events
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