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Final Exam
Vocabulary
133
History
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2008

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Term
Samuel Insull
Definition
head of great electrical empire-Participated in dicey business, one company buys stock from other companies. One company falls, the rest begin to fall as well.
Term
Herbert Hoover
Definition
Republican "Golden Boy", prominent in WWI-food relief program...Depression: pushed corp. liberalism, crash of stock market one year after elected, fails to address problem to citizens. Shacks all over U.S. during Depression called "Hoovervilles".
Term
Franklin D. Roosevelt (Great Depression)
Definition
Democrat-sweeping victory in 1932, announces New Deal, attempted to restore consumer power, banks re-opened, emergency banking relief bill.
Term
New Deal
Definition
Term
John Maynard Keynes
Definition
economic growth--argued modern industrial economies needed to prime pump to grow economically
Term
"Blue Eagle"
Definition
logo of NRA in Great Depression, symbol of Roosevelt's political purpose--everyone pulling together
Term
"The Folk"
Definition
basic people depicted - musicians, artists, folk-singers - Woody Guthrie
Term
Aaron Copeland
Definition
Term
Thomas Heart Benton
Definition
Term
Woody Guthrie
Definition
Term
Dr. Francis Townsend
Definition
67 year old physician, helped elderly w/ money, not clear where money would come from
Term
Father Charles Coughlin
Definition
radio priest-Detroit. turned against FDR & New Deal, anti-semitism, (controlled by Jewish conspiracy), nationalization of banking system and massive inflation to put $ in hands of all people
Term
Huey Long
Definition
Charismatic politician, King Fish of Louisiana, flamboyant, corrupt, "save our wealth plan"--guarantees annual income of $2500 to all working people and a house w/ value of $5000, levy 100% tax on incomes over 1 million... assassinated.
Term
Mike Gold
Definition
flirted with communist party as solution to Great Depression, argues for overhaul of American system, distribution of wealth, destruction of corp. power, socialist revolution.
Term
New Masses
Definition
magazine-
Term
Partisan Review
Definition
founded in 1934, reshape American society along socialist lines and interested in re-shaping American culture, popularize modern art & literature
Term
Popular Front
Definition
1936, help stop advancement of European Facism (Hitler, Mussolini), help gain influence in shaping public policy by allying w/ moderate elements on political spectrum---re-introduce American life
Term
WPA
Definition
works progress administration (1935), employ over 2-million jobless, road maintenance, appropriated 5 billion dollars (1/2 of governments total expenditures)
Term
Social Security Act of 1935
Definition
more cautious in approach, more lasting in influence- one of great achievements of New Deal, national system of old age insurance, funded on tax of workers wages & equivalent tax on employees, covered nearly ever one by 1970
Term
Wagner Act (NLRA), 1935
Definition
"National Labor Relations Act"-minor partner in corporate liberalism, outlaws company unions, creates National Labor Relations Board -workers have free choice in bargaining operations
Term
Benito Mussolini
Definition
Facist leader of Italy (1920s-30s), policy of expansion, invade Ethiopia
Term
Adolf Hitler
Definition
1933 comes to power, rebuild German military (nazis), "Today Germany, Tomorrow the World", authoritarian, nationalist
Term
Munich Pact
Definition
agreed to let Hitler take over Czechoslovakia & Hitler agrees to stop taking other countries - collapsed in 1939
Term
German-Soviet Non-Agression Pact
Definition
surprising b/c Hitler & Stalin hated on another politically, HUGE sign of trouble, Germans invaded Poland-whole reason for agreement w/ Soviets, destroy Polish Military
Term
Isolationism
Definition
tradition of American foreign policy, mind own business don't get involved, broke this in WWI-disillusioned, becomes dominant in American during WWII
Term
Internationalism
Definition
policy of cooperation among nations,
Term
"America First" Committee
Definition
Group that was against the war-isolationism, rallies, political gatherings. Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh-chairperson
Term
Lend-Lease Act, 1941
Definition
Roosevelt/Allies, provision to lend/lease military supplies to England, prop up England, protect
Term
Tri-Partite Pact
Definition
Japan, Germany, Italy-line up against Democracy of west
Term
Pearl Harbor
Definition
December 7, 1941-Japanese bomb American harbor. Destroyed fleet and killed many soldiers and civilians. War declaration speech on Dec. 8--massive 2-front war (Europe and Asia)
Term
D-Day
Definition
Normandy, France-soldiers land in europe, begin to push back Germany w/ Canada and England (early June, 1944)
Term
Henry Luce
Definition
famous essay, editor of Time/Life magazines--"The American Century" - U.S. ready to assume leadership of the world
Term
Axis Powers
Definition
Italy, Germany, Japan
Term
Appeasement
Definition
Western response to Hitler, describe policy w/ English prime minister-Chamberlin, give Hitler what he already had taken over so he didn't proceed to take more, dangerous--gave lesson for Cold War era
Term
Neutrality
Definition
stay out of foreign affairs
Term
Philip K. Wrigley
Definition
chewing gum, very shrewd businessman, gum was basic war time commodity, contract with army-alleviate thirst, keep teeth clean, put in rations, demand for gum after war
Term
"Rosie the Riveter"
Definition
"We can do it!"-Woman in the workplace-industry
Term
Nash Kelvinator Refrigerators
Definition
state-of-the-art, everyone in middle-class had one in home, ads for women, consumer comfort
Term
Hoover Vacuums
Definition
tie ads to war effort, V-homes (victory homes)
Term
Pond's Face Cream
Definition
Shirley uses face cream, waiting for Barney to come home from war
Term
Ballentine Ale
Definition
"How American it is to want something better!"
Term
John Hersey
Definition
famous journalist, soldiers reporter w/ Marines in Pacific, carried gun/lived in trenches like real soldier, "defending home" many soldiers said of war, missed blueberry pie, whiskey, movies, etc., consumer vision of American life, crusade of American consumerism and comfort of American life.
Term
Office of War Info.
Definition
clearinghouse for private contracts to film companies, artists, writers, ad agencies, etc.--propaganda, posters, hatred of America's enemies, etc.
Term
War Relocation Authority
Definition
forced west-coast Japanese-Americans to move to internment camps, thought to be traitors
Term
"Unconditional Surrender"
Definition
policy stated in Casablanca Conference- no treaty to work things out, just surrender
Term
Casablanca Conference
Definition
conference in which "unconditional surrender" was stated
Term
"Warfare State"
Definition
structure of American economy, prosperity linked to war products, economy good after war,
Term
Yalta Conference
Definition
meeting of Allies, postwar--Soviets agree to enter Pacific war against Japan, U.S. agrees to let Soviets to create a friendly Eastern Europe
Term
Iron Curtain, 1946
Definition
(Fulton, MO)--Churchill says Soviets put up curtain, U.S. & allies bulk up military to fight back
Term
Truman Doctrine, 1947
Definition
"get tough w/ soviets", slightest sign of aggression, U.S. would be there to fight back
Term
Berlin Blockade
Definition
East-Soviets=communist, West-U.S., English, French=democratic, U.S. airlifts supplies into Eastern Germany, Soviets back down create wall
Term
Containment
Definition
contain expansion of communism, pushed in American Policy
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
named after George Marshall, economic maneuver w/ economies in Europe, communist infiltratino b/c of poor economies, U.S. poured $12 billion to help rebuild economies
Term
NATO
Definition
north atlantic treaty organization--mutual defense alliance, American nuclear arsenal hanging around in case of trouble, make military fence around Soviets to help contain
Term
Brinksmanship
Definition
slang for "U.S. had to be willing to go to nuclear war to stop Communism"
Term
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Definition
President, 1952
Term
John Foster Dulles
Definition
secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower
Term
CIA
Definition
gov't institution, 1950s, new kind of armor abroad-engage in specifically infiltrated gov'ts abroad. take down countries that don't like U.S., Allen Dulles (brother of John) head of CIA
Term
Pentagon, 1947
Definition
before this U.S. did not have unified command structure--Department of Defense 1947, centralized structure, createion of set of connections w/ industry and military, creation of enormous weapons-Boeing
Term
Korean Conflict
Definition
began in 1950, rooted at end of WWII, country divided
North=communist, sympathetic to Soviets and Red China,
South=more aligned w/ U.S. and capitalist Democracies to west
Term
HUAC
Definition
House on American Activities Committee, goest after hints of Communism
Term
Alger Hiss
Definition
accused of being a communist, denies, but convicted of lying
Term
The Rosenbergs
Definition
accused of being spies for the Soviet Union-nuclear spies
Term
Joseph McCarthy
Definition
senator, rid of communists in Federal gov., alcoholic/maniac, McCarthyism-hysteria of communists hiding every where, accused U.S. army of being filled with traitors, army/McCarthy hearings televised
Term
Asphyxiation
Definition
smothering, by conformity (1950s)
Term
GI Bill
Definition
passed 1944, looking toward service, provide safety net in post-war era,
Term
Interstate Highway Act
Definition
passed 1956, massive network, all over country, link up major cities, truck traffic very new/important, expansion of auto industry, tourism/travel, fast food/service industry
Term
ITT
Definition
International Telephone & Telegraph, bought out many companies to make one large corporation w/ odd companies (bakery, car rental, real estate, etc)
Term
AFL-CIO
Definition
2 big unions previously competitors, merge to provide counter-weight of economy, steady raises yearly, cost of living adjustments
Term
Suburban Ideal
Definition
great wave of suburbs after war, connection to consumerism, display goods
Term
Baby Boom
Definition
enormous growth of kids, family size grows larger, children part of consumer market
Term
Benjamin Spock
Definition
pediatrician that wrote book about baby care, 1946, 1st edition sells out in 2 weeks, hundreds of traditions still today--put children first, positive reinforcement, instant gratification of kids
Term
"Leave it to Beaver"
Definition
teach about life in numerous ways, 2 little boys, family emphasis in the suburbs
Term
Westerns
Definition
very popular, shell of family involvement but cowboys were loners dealing with own problems-individualism
Term
"I Love Lucy"
Definition
slapstick comedy- ethnic tension, gender tension!
Term
Dwight MacDonald
Definition
writer on social issues, flaccid middle-class culture/values
Term
Elvis Presley
Definition
wild music and dancing, do not film below waist b/c of provocative movements
Term
Beat Generation
Definition
literary side of dissent against middle America
Term
James Dean
Definition
younger Americans striking out against middle-class, Hollywood "rebel without a cause"
Term
Peace Corp
Definition
idealistic organization, volunteer in 3rd world countries, economies
Term
Nuclear Test Ban
Definition
w/ Soviet Union, try to ban nuclear testing & production
Term
Jim Crow Laws
Definition
network of legal restrictions, blacks and whites segregated -- Civil Rights movement
Term
Martin Luther King Jr.
Definition
young, eloquent Baptist preacher, strategy for Civil Rights: non-violence, peaceful civil-disobedience, sit-ins, marches, etc.
Term
Brown v. Board of Education
Definition
lawsuit of segregation of public schools, separate but equal-unconstitutional
Term
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Definition
test situation put together w/in transportation, blacks had to sit in back of bus even if seats available, Rosa Parks sat in front and refused to move and arrested, boycott of buses-bring about economic pressure
Term
March on Washington
Definition
250-500 thousand, Lincoln memorial to Washington Monument to Capital Building," I Have a Dream" speech
Term
Freedom Rides
Definition
rent large buses, fill w/ Civil Rights workers, drive through South, tremendous backlash against by white segregationists--set buses on fire
Term
Malcolm X
Definition
mid-1960s, critic of civil rights movement, criticized march on Washington
Term
"Black Power"
Definition
Stokley Carmicheal, non-violence, black power instead of freedom
Term
"Long Hot Summers"
Definition
Watts Riots of 1965-L.A. many deaths and injuries, goes up in smoke "burn baby burn", Detroit, damage reminded of Berlin at ended of WWII
Term
Black Panthers
Definition
late 1960s, armed, gave very fiery speeches
Term
Betty Friedan
Definition
"The Feminine Mystique", criticize feminine ideals, women had no alternatives
Term
Feminism
Definition
turn toward radicalism for rights, men are superior oppressors of women, women's liberation
Term
Counterinsurgency
Definition
Term
Lyndon B. Johnson
Definition
Term
Domino Theory
Definition
when one country falls to communism, more will fall afterwards (Vietnam)
Term
Defoliation
Definition
Term
Mekong Delta Campaign, 1967
Definition
crusade to clear Mekong Delta area of Vietcong, sent a lot of troops, ended up being a failure, American troops devastated farm-land in the area
Term
Viet Cong
Definition
National Liberation Front, Southern Vietnamese for the northern army, guerrilla and regular army forces
Term
SDS
Definition
Term
Woodstock
Definition
Term
Yippies
Definition
Term
Tet Offensive, 1968
Definition
large attack all over South by North Vietnamese, Americans thought war was just about over but were lied to, attacked U.S. embassy, set in big doubts of war
Term
Eugene McCarthy
Definition
Term
Robert F. Kennedy
Definition
Term
George Wallace
Definition
Term
1968 Democratic Convention
Definition
Term
Richard M. Nixon
Definition
won election of 1968, ran as anti-hippie candidate, defended the silent majority, did not protest, worked hard, flexible w/ policies, had to deal with Vietnam
Term
Detente
Definition
kind of accommodation w/ the Soviets, serious arms control
Term
Watergate
Definition
scandal of Nixon, 1972 election, runs again against McGovern, biggest electoral victory, men of Nixon go steal paperwork of McGovern, caught and arrest, Nixon resigns
Term
Gerald Ford
Definition
succeeded Nixon, chosen to be V.P. when Agnew resigned, big trouble right away (pardoned Nixon from trials), severe recession, high inflation, stocks fall
Term
Jimmy Carter
Definition
nominated by Democrats in '76, evangelical Christian, tried to distance self from anti-war ways of Democratic party, human-rights policy, Stagflation
Term
Stagflation
Definition
tremendous structural problem--describe economic problem, stagnation= de-industrialization, inflation= currency worth less
Term
Iran Hostage Crisis
Definition
Iranian revolutionaries assault embassy, hold 60-75 hostages, Carter frustrates Iranians, U.S. becomes agitated-can't deal with situation--U.S. in state of decay-Carter takes heat for it.
Term
Ronald Reagan
Definition
former Hollywood actor, elected in 1980 as Republican, confident, optimistic, old-fashioned patriot ,
Term
The New Right
Definition
cutting taxes, spending, etc. grass-roots conservative
Term
The Moral Majority
Definition
growing backlash against 1960s, traditional protestant, religious values, disturbed by hippies, sexual revolution, etc.
Term
Family Values
Definition
kind of government policies friendly to families
Term
Sun Belt
Definition
economic endeavor and population moving south-Florida, Texas & California, more conservative values
Term
Mikhail Gorbachev
Definition
1985 chosen as head of Soviet Union, determined to liberalize communism, open up system, politically and economically, appoint new young reformers
Term
Solidarity
Definition
labor movement in Poland, anti-communist, turns against government, communists resign
Term
Berlin Wall
Definition
1989, symbolic gesture showing collapse of Soviet-Communist government, Gorbachev thrown out of office
Term
Retrenchment
Definition
great majority of Americans began to pull back from dissent and movement to rebuild American values, anti-communism, backlash to 1960s
Term
Global Capitalism
Definition
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
Term
Culture of Narcissism
Definition
Term
Alphabet Soup agencies
Definition
Term
CCC
Definition
Term
WPA
Definition
Term
PWA
Definition
Public Works Administration- (roads), use government spending to stimulate economy
Term
TVA
Definition
Tennessee Valley authority- bring electricity to region for first time
Term
NRA
Definition
National Recovery Agency- draft codes of competition, limit production, assigned markets, set prices
Term
SEC
Definition
Security Exchange Commission- corporate leaders/businesses did not like FDR, not trying to reform modern capitalism but restore it,
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