Shared Flashcard Set

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Final Exam
1st Semester
61
History
10th Grade
12/13/2007

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Great Schism
Definition
division in the Church when one pope excommunicated the other and rival popes were located in Rome and Avignon
Term
Lutherans
Definition
Protestant Church founded by Martin Luther; against indulgences
Term
Anglicans
Definition
member of the only legal church in England; Elizabeth formed it to please both Catholics and Protestants
Term
Presbyterians
Definition
followers of John Knox
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
against infant baptism; radical; believed in separation of church and state
Term
Calvinists
Definition
followers of John Calvin; believed in predestination
Term
Line of Demarcation
Definition
line drawn by the Pope to divide new lands claimed by Portugal and Spain; honored by the Treaty of Tordesillas
Term
Peace of Augsburg
Definition
between Charles V and the Protestant princes saying each German state's religion would be declared by its ruler
Term
caravel
Definition
ship with triangular sails to sail more effectively
Term
New France
Definition
Quebec; founded by Champlain; France's colonial empire in North America
Term
czar
Definition
Russian emperor; came from "ceasar"; first used by Ivan the Terrible IV
Term
Thirty Years' War
Definition
European conflict over religion and territory for family power; Richliew involved France to limit Hapsburg power; recognized Europe as a group of equal states
Term
Seven Years' War
Definition
PB vs. FAR; ends with Pease of Westphalia
Term
War of Austrian Succession
Definition
Frederick II claimed Salesia while underestimating Maria Theresa; ends with Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Term
Edict of Nantes
Definition
Henry IV promised Protestant protection and legal rights
Term
English Civil War
Definition
Cavaliers vs. Roundheads; supporters of English monarchy vs. Puritan supporters of Parliament
Term
Restoration
Definition
Charles II's rule after Cromwell collapses; brings back theatre and arts
Term
Glorious Revolution
Definition
William and Mary overthrow James II and create a constitutional monarchy recognizing Parliament and the Bill of Rights
Term
Divine right
Definition
monarch's are God's representative on Earth and answer only to Him
Term
Geocentric theory
Definition
God would put the most important body in the middle, so the planets revolve around Earth
Term
Heliocentric theory
Definition
planets revolve around the sun; Copernicus is to scared to publish this
Term
Scientific Revolution
Definition
developed from Age of Exploration; change in European thought based on observations
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
Age of REASON; apply it to scientific method and all aspects of society
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
1st group in 3rd Estate; middle class merchants and artisans; few priveleges
Term
Reign of Terror
Definition
Maximillan Robespierre ruled France as a dictator whoe xecuted thousands with day long trials
Term
Edict of Worms
Definition
declared Luther a heretic and outlaw
Term
Ignatius Loyola
Definition
wrote Spiritual Exercises; gathered followers and created Society of Jesus
Term
Jesuits
Definition
Roman Catholic religious order formed by Ignatious Loyola;founded schools, converted people, and tried to stop Protestantism
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
"Defender of the Faith" because he attacked Luther; founded the Anglican church
Term
Prince Henry the Navigator
Definition
Portuguese Plan; school in Sagres
Term
Balboa
Definition
cross "rocky" isthmus of Panama to be the first to see the Pacific Ocean and proved the New World wasn't Asia
Term
Columbus
Definition
traveled to New World; increased rivalry of Spain and Portugal; caused Line of Demarcation
Term
Dias
Definition
sailed around the tip of Africa; wanted goods directly from Asia instead of through middlemen
Term
Vasco de Gama
Definition
traveled to India; gave Portugal a direct sea route to India
Term
Magellan
Definition
first to circumnavigate the world
Term
Pizarro
Definition
defeated Atahualpa and the Incas because he wanted gold
Term
Cortes
Definition
defeated Montezume and the Aztecs because they thought he was a god in camo; followers called conquistadors
Term
Cabral
Definition
claimed Brazil for Portugal
Term
Maria Theresa
Definition
ruled by the Pragmatic Sanction; kept throne through war
Term
Peter the Great
Definition
westernized Russia; Holy Synod and Great Northern War
Term
Frederick II (the Great)
Definition
extended Prussia territory; Partitions of Poland
Term
Louis XIV
Definition
built Versailles; ruled with Mazarin; strict control of nobles; had Colbert and intendants
Term
Spanish Armada
Definition
sent by Philip II to punish England and Elizabeth
Term
James I
Definition
authorized a translation of the Bible; refused to make Puritan reforms
Term
Charles I
Definition
always needed money; signed Petition of Right; beheaded in the Civil War
Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition
leader of the Roundheads; ruled commonwealth of England as Lord Protecter; New Model Army; executed Charles
Term
Charlies II
Definition
"Merry Monarch"; Restoration; reinstituted what Puritans were against; habeus corpus
Term
James II
Definition
people got ticked off because he was Catholic so William and Mary of Orange came to the throne
Term
Louis XVI
Definition
married Marie Antoinette; had to call the Estates General because he was so in debt
Term
Copernicus
Definition
develops heliocentric theory; scared to publish book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies"
Term
Kepler
Definition
used math to prove elliptical orbits and Copernicus
Term
Newton
Definition
proved science with math; laws of motion; Principa Matematica
Term
Galileo
Definition
perfected the first telescope and observed Saturn's rings; conflict with the church; wrote "Starry Messenger"
Term
John Locke
Definition
natural rights (life liberty and property); "Two Treatises of Government"; humans could reason alone because they were born free
Term
Voltaire
Definition
toleration and right to opinion; wrote "Candide"; freedom of religion
Term
Rousseau
Definition
General Will, "The Social Contract"; motto of French Revolution; civilizaiton ruins humans
Term
Motto of French Revolution
Definition
liger, equality, fraternity
Term
Hobbes
Definition
"Social Contract"; people create government; between people and government
Term
War of Spanish Succession
Definition
Charles II of Spain had no heir; throne to Louis XVI's grandon; France and Spain both ruled by Bourbons; Treaty of Utrecht (Great Britain won)
Term
Jamestown
Definition
England's first permanent settlement in North America
Term
John Knox
Definition
put Calvin's ideas to work in Scotland; followers known as Presbyterians
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