Term
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Definition
| designed to ensure that defendants will show up to face the charges against them when their trial is scheduled, while allowing them to remain free until the trial takes place; to do this, an amount of money is set that must be deposited with the court before the defendant can be released |
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Term
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Definition
| funnel or sieve effect that results from cases being sorted out as they proceed through the system |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of offenses the police solve to their satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the state repays victims for their financial losses or physical injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of judgment to decide what action to take |
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Term
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Definition
| releasing inmates before they complete their full sentences; they can then be supervised on the street and sent back to prison if they violate the conditions of their release |
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Term
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Definition
| an informal but structured process of negotiation in which a prosecutor and a defense attorney agree on a guilty plea and a sentence that the prosecutor will recommend to the judge |
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Term
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Definition
| a system that holds some defendants without bail to prevent them from committing crimes while awaiting trial |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of supervised release |
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Term
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Definition
| police action based on a person's race, ethnicity, or national origin, rather than on the behavior of the person or information about the person's criminal activity |
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Definition
| requires offenders to make monetary payments or provide services, either to the victim or to the community at large |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in the criminal sanctions handed out to people who are convicted of similar offenses and who have similar criminal records |
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Term
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Definition
| detailed written report based on interviews with victims about how a crime has affected them |
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Term
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Definition
| a military-style program designed to scare youthful offenders away from crime by subjecting them to harsh discipline, rigorous exercise, and strenuous work |
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Term
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Definition
| a system which uses fixed terms of imprisonment, which can sometimes be reduced by credit for good behavior while incarcerated |
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Term
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Definition
| the inhibition of criminal activity by state-imposed penalties |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategic redeployment of existing resources based on analysis of crime statistics |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the pattern of crime without a reduction in the total amount of crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the inhibition of the desire to engage in crime among the general population through the punishment of certain offenders |
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Term
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Definition
| the custodial control of convicted offenders to they cannot commit crimes against the general public |
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Term
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Definition
| a system in which legislators establish long maximum sentences for different crimes and judges impose any penalty up to the maximum |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that offenders should be punished because they deserve to suffer for the harm they have caused and that their punishment should be proportional to that harm and to their own blameworthiness |
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Term
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Definition
| an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth |
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Term
| mandatory minimum sentence |
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Definition
| require certain kinds of offenders to be sentenced to at least a specified amount of time in prison |
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Term
| marginal deterrent effect |
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Definition
| the extent to which crime rates respond to incremental changes in the threat of sanctions |
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Term
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Definition
| allow a district attorney to recommend to a judge that a criminal proceeding be suspended while a suspect participates in treatment |
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Term
| problem-oriented policing |
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Definition
| police should deal with the underlying conditions that generate crime |
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Term
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Definition
| the restoration of criminals to a law-abiding way of life through treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| expressions of community disapproval of the offender's behavior would be followed by gestures of reacceptance of the offender by the larger law-abiding community |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that seeks to repair the damage caused by criminals and reintegrate both offenders and victims into the community |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that offenders should be punished because they deserve to suffer for the harm they have caused and that their punishment should be proportional to that harm and to their own blameworthiness |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy that aims to separate high-risk offenders from low-risk ones and hold only those who are the most likely to be dangerous if released |
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Term
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Definition
| define a range of penalties for offenses of a given degree of harmfulness committed by offenders of a specific degree of blameworthiness |
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Term
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Definition
| sanctions might reduce crime, but the crime rate also affects the sanctions meted out by the criminal justice system |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when individuals who are punished for a particular crime do not commit that crime again because their risk-reward calculations have been altered by the punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| requires offenders to serve a certain percentage (usually 85) of their sentence in prison |
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Term
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Definition
| private and personal response to a wrong, not imposed by an established authority such as the state |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that seeks to preserve the status quo from criminals, who are seen as challengers to the existing social order |
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Term
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Definition
| the perspective that crime can be reduced by attacking its underlying causes through social reforms |
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Definition
| a perspective that focuses on crime by both the underprivileged and the privileged, and attributes crime by both groups to the conditions of a capitalist society |
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Term
| situational crime prevention |
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Definition
| measures that involve the management, design, or manipulation of the environment in order to reduce opportunities for crime and increase the perceived risks of committing crime |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy of reducing opportunities for crime by making it more difficult for offenders to carry out crimes against particular targets |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that establishes two-way communication between citizens that police through foot patrols, decentralized operations, storefront stations, community organizations, crime newsletters, and contacts with people at home and work |
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