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FINAL EXAM TERMS
15-20
204
History
9th Grade
05/30/2007

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Term
Nationalization
Definition
government takeover (of natural resources in Mexico)
Term
Haciendas
Definition
large plantations controlled by landowning elite in Mexico
Term
Economic nationalism
Definition
emphasis on home control of the economy
Term
Cultural nationalism
Definition
pride in one’s own culture
Term
Good Neighbor Policy
Definition
The US’s pledge under Franklin Roosevelt to lessen interference in the affairs of Latin American nations
Term
Apartheid
Definition
a policy of rigid segregation
Term
Pan-Africanism
Definition
the movement in the 1920s which nourished the nationalist spirit and strengthened resistance against apartheid; unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide
Term
Negritude movement
Definition
movement in which artists and writers expressed pride in their African heritage
Term
Asia Minor
Definition
the Turkish peninsula between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea where Turks resisted Western control and fought to build a modern nation
Term
Pan-Arabism
Definition
movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state
Term
Balfour Declaration
Definition
statement issued by the British government in 1917 supporting the establishment of a homeland for Jews in Palestine
Term
Amritsar massacre
Definition
the incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians killing nearly 400 and wounding 1,100; turning point for many Indians, convinced them that India needed to govern itself
Term
Ahimsa
Definition
nonviolence
Term
Civil disobedience
Definition
the refusal to obey unjust laws
Term
Untouchables
Definition
members of the lowest class in India
Term
Boycott
Definition
refusal to buy
Term
Twenty-One Demands
Definition
a list of demands that sought to make china a Japanese protectorate
Term
May Fourth Movement
Definition
the cultural and intellectual ferment set off by student protests that erupted in Beijing on May 4th, 1919
Term
Vanguard
Definition
elite leaders (of communist revolution)
Term
Guomindang
Definition
nationalist party behind Sun Yixian and later Jiang Jieshi in China
Term
Long March
Definition
the epic march in which a group of Chinese communists retreated from Guomindang forces by marching over 6,000 miles from 1934 to 1935
Term
Hirohito
Definition
emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989
Term
Ultranationalist
Definition
extreme nationalist
Term
Manchuria
Definition
province in northeastern china, rich in natural resources, Japan took it over, placing Puyi at the head of puppet state, he was the last emperor of China.
Term
Flapper
Definition
a rebellious young woman in the 1920s
Term
Prohibition
Definition
a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the US from 1920-1933
Term
Speakeasies
Definition
illegal bars
Term
Harlem Renaissance
Definition
an African American cultural movement in the 1920s and 1930s, centered in Harlem
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders
Term
Abstract
Definition
a style of art composed of lines, colors, and shapes, sometimes with no recognizable subject matter at all
Term
Dada
Definition
artistic movement in which artists rejected tradition and produced works that often shocked their viewers
Term
Surrealism
Definition
artistic movement that attempts the portray the workings of the unconscious mind
Term
Maginot Line
Definition
fortifications along the border of France and Germany, Germany passed these lines in 1940
Term
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Definition
treaty sponsored by the United States in 1928 and worked towards peace, trying to eliminate war as an instrument of national policy
Term
Disarmament
Definition
the reduction of armed forces and weapons
Term
General strike
Definition
a strike by workers in many different industries at the same time
Term
Overproduction
Definition
condition in which the production of goods exceeds the demand for them
Term
Finance
Definition
the management of money matters, including the circulation of money, loans, investments, and banking
Term
Federal Reserve
Definition
the central banking system of the US, in an effort to slow the run on the stock market, regulated banks and raised interest rates in 1928 and 1929
Term
Great Depression
Definition
a time of global economic collapse; the crisis began in the United States in 1929 and spread to the rest of the world
Term
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Definition
the president of the United States elected in 1932 to ensure that the government had an active role in combating the Great Depression
Term
New Deal
Definition
the massive package of economic and social programs proposed by FDR. (ie: social security for elderly, pensions etc)
Term
Benito Mussolini
Definition
leader of the fascist party in Italy, appointed prime minister in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III, fearing civil war.
Term
Black Shirts
Definition
party militants who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action, worked under Mussolini.
Term
March on Rome
Definition
the event where tens of thousands of Fascists swarmed outside their capital to demand that the government made changes; Mussolini prime minister as result
Term
Totalitarian state
Definition
form of government in which a one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspect of the lives of its citizens
Term
Fascism
Definition
any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights
Term
Command economy
Definition
the system developed by the Soviet Union in which government officials made all basic economic decisions
Term
Collectives
Definition
large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group
Term
Kulaks
Definition
wealthy farmers who were behind the resistance of Stalin’s forced collectivization in agriculture
Term
Gulag
Definition
a system of brutal labor camps
Term
Socialist realism
Definition
art style that Stalin required artists and writers to create their works in, its goal was to show Soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future
Term
Russification
Definition
making a nationality’s culture more Russian
Term
Atheism
Definition
the belief that there is no god
Term
Comintern
Definition
the Communist International formed by Lenin in 1919
Term
Chancellor
Definition
prime minister who leads the parliamentary system in Germany
Term
Ruhr Valley
Definition
a coal rich valley which France occupied when Germany fell behind in reparations payments, government printed money to pay dissatisfied workers; inflation spiraled out of control, German mark nearly worthless
Term
Third Reich
Definition
Germany’s empire under Adolf Hitler
Term
Gestapo
Definition
the secret police of Hitler’s Nazis who used brutal means to control all areas of German life
Term
Nuremberg Laws
Definition
the laws passed by the Nazis in 1935 which deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restriction on them
Term
Appeasement
Definition
policy of giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace
Term
Pacifism
Definition
opposition to all war
Term
Pacifism
Definition
opposition to all war
Term
Neutrality Acts
Definition
series of laws passed by Congress in the mid-1930s which opposed war
Term
Axis Powers
Definition
the alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan who agreed to fight Soviet communism and not to interfere with one another’s plans for territorial expansion
Term
Francisco Franco
Definition
a conservative general, who in 1936 led a revolt that started a bloody civil war in Spain; backed by Fascists, Nationalists, Hitler, Mussolini
Term
Anschluss
Definition
Hitler’s forced union of Austria and Germany
Term
Sudetenland
Definition
a region of western Czechoslovakia where Hitler insisted that the three million Germans living there be granted autonomy
Term
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Definition
the agreement between enemies, Hitler and Stalin, to keep peaceful relations, not fight if the other went to war, divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them
Term
Blitzkrieg
Definition
Germany’s preferred method of was the “lighting war,” utilized improved tank and airpower technologies to strike a devastating blow against the enemy.
Term
Luftwaffe
Definition
German air forces used in blitzkrieg to bomb the enemy
Term
Dunkirk
Definition
port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German advance in 1940
Term
Vichy
Definition
the capital of the German occupied France
Term
General Erwin Rommel
Definition
the “Desert Fox,” was one of Hitler’s most brilliant commanders
Term
Concentration camps
Definition
detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state
Term
Holocaust
Definition
Hitler’s “Final Solution of the Jewish problem” –the genocide of all European Jews
Term
Lend-Lease Act
Definition
FDR’s policy of being able to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”
Term
Rosie the Riveter
Definition
the character who symbolized women in the United States, taking the places of men in industrial jobs: building planes and producing munitions when men off to fight in the war
Term
Aircraft carrier
Definition
ships that transport aircraft and accommodate the take-off and landing of airplanes
Term
Dwight Eisenhower
Definition
American General who took command of a joint British and American force in Morocco and Algeria in 1942
Term
Stalingrad
Definition
the town in the Soviet Union where Hitler stopped on his advance to the oil rich fields of the south and fought one of the costliest battles of the war
Term
D-Day
Definition
code name for the day that Allied forces invaded France during WWII, June 6, 1944
Term
Yalta Conference
Definition
the conference where Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin agreed the Soviet Union would enter WWII against Japan in three months of Germany’s surrender
Term
V-E Day
Definition
Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies won WWII in Europe
Term
Bataan Death march
Definition
the forced march of Filipino and American prisoners of war under brutal conditions by the Japanese military during WWII
Term
Douglas MacArthur
Definition
the US general who used island hopping to retake the Philippines
Term
Island-hopping
Definition
the campaign to recapture some Japanese-held islands while bypassing others; the captured islands as stepping stones to the next objective
Term
Kamikaze
Definition
pilots who undertook suicide missions
Term
Manhattan Project
Definition
code name for the project to build the first atomic bomb during WWII
Term
Hiroshima
Definition
mid-sized city in Japan where the first atomic bom was dropped in August, 1945
Term
Nagasaki
Definition
a coastal city in southern Japan where the second atomic bomb was dropped in August, 1945
Term
Nuremberg
Definition
city in southern Germany where Hitler staged Nazi rallies in the 1930s, and later where Nazi war crimes trials were held after WWII
Term
United Nations (UN)
Definition
international organization established after WWII with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community
Term
Cold War
Definition
state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the US on one side and the Soviet Union on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
US’s policy, established in 1947, of trying to contain the spread of communism
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
massive aid package offered by the US to Europe to help countries rebuild after WWII
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Definition
a military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc; countries from other regions later joined the alliance
Term
Warsaw Pact
Definition
mutual defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellites in Eastern Europe set up in 1955
Term
Superpowers
Definition
nations stronger than other powerful nations; United States and the Soviet Union after WWII
Term
Anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs)
Definition
missiles that could shoot down other missiles from hostile countries
Term
Ronald Regan
Definition
the US president who, in the 1980s, launched a program to build a “Star Wars” missile defense against nuclear attack
Term
Détente
Definition
an era of relaxed tensions during the 1970s, ended in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
Term
Fidel Castro
Definition
leader of an armed rebellion against the corrupt dictator of Cuba; became dictator and transformed Cuba in the Cuban Revolution; he nationalized businesses and put most land under government control, and restricted Cubans’ political freedom
Term
John F. Kennedy
Definition
the US president who, in 1961, supported an invasion attempt by US-trained Cuban exiles
Term
Ideology
Definition
a value system and beliefs
Term
Nikita Khrushchev
Definition
the new Soviet leader after Stalin’s death in 1953; he denounced Stalin’s abuse of power and closed prison camps and eased censorship
Term
Leonid Brezhnev
Definition
Khrushchev’s successor who held power from the mid-1960s until he died in 1982; under him, critics faced arrest and imprisonment.
Term
Containment
Definition
America’s basic policy toward communist countries; this was a strategy to keep communist within its existing boundaries and preventing further expansion
Term
Recession
Definition
a period of time when the economy shrinks
Term
Suburbanization
Definition
the movement to communities outside an urban core; as Americans became more affluent, more people could afford to move outside of the city
Term
Segregation
Definition
forced separation
Term
Discrimination
Definition
unequal treatment or barriers; minorities suffered discrimination in jobs and voting
Term
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Definition
one of the most respected leaders of the American civil rights movement, headed the movement for equality among all; often attacked and jailed for his beliefs but did not stop fighting for freedom until his murder in 1968.
Term
Konrad Adenauer
Definition
West Germany’s chancellor who guided the rebuilding of cities, factories, and trade from 1949 to 1963
Term
Welfare state
Definition
a country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people
Term
European Community
Definition
treaty signed by West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Italy dedicated to establishing free trade among member nations for all products
Term
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Definition
the total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year
Term
Collectivization
Definition
forced pooling of peasant land and labor.
Term
Great Leap Forward
Definition
Mao’s program from 1958 to 1960, which urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output
Term
Cultural Revolution
Definition
the project Mao started in 1966; its goal was to purge china of bourgeois tendencies
Term
38th Parallel
Definition
line of latitude on which the Soviet and American forces agreed to temporarily divide Korea
Term
Kim Il Sung
Definition
the dictator of North Korea who became a communist ally of the Soviet Union
Term
Syngman Rhee
Definition
the dictatorial, but noncommunist, leader of South Korea, whom the United States backed
Term
Pusan Perimeter
Definition
the line where UN forces finally stopped North Korea’s advances into South Korea in August, in its attempts to take control over the entire country
Term
Demilitarized zone
Definition
area with no military forces
Term
Guerrillas
Definition
small groups of loosely organized soldiers who made surprise raids against their enemy
Term
Ho Chi Minh
Definition
a nationalist and communist who had fought the Japanese and then the French in what is known as the French Indochina War
Term
Dienbienphu
Definition
a bloody battle in 1954 which Vietnam won, surprising the French and forcing them to leave Vietnam.
Term
Domino theory
Definition
the view that a communist victory in South Vietnam would cause noncommunist governments across Southeast Asia to fall to communism
Term
Viet Cong
Definition
aka the National Liberation Front: the communist rebels trying to overthrow South Vietnams government
Term
Tet Offensive
Definition
the guerrilla forces attack on the Vietnamese New Year, Tet, in 1968. They came out of the jungles and attacked American and South Vietnamese forces in cities all across the south; turning point in pubic opinion of the US
Term
Khmer Rouge
Definition
the force of Cambodian communist guerrillas, who gained ground in Cambodia and overthrew the Cambodian government in 1975, led by Pol Pot
Term
Pol Pot
Definition
led the Khmer Rouge in a reign of terror, slaughtering, starving, or working to death more than a million Cambodians, about a third of the population
Term
Mujahedin
Definition
Muslim religious warriors
Term
Mikhail Gorbachev
Definition
energetic new leader of the Soviet Union who took power in1985; signed arms control treaties with the US, pulled soviet troops out of Afghanistan, ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss the country’s problems openly; his reforms, however well-intentioned, brought economic turmoil
Term
Glasnost
Definition
openness; what Gorbachev urged in his country as he ended censorship
Term
Perestroika
Definition
restructuring; another reform Gorbachev wanted
Term
Lech Walesa
Definition
leader of Solidarity in Poland; arrested by the Polish government and became a national hero; eventually released from prison
Term
Solidarity
Definition
an independent labor union
Term
Vaclav Havel
Definition
a dissident writer and human rights activist who was elected president in Czechoslovakia
Term
Nicolae Ceausescu
Definition
Romania’s longtime dictator who was overthrown and executed when he refused to step down
Term
Partition
Definition
a division
Term
Sikhs
Definition
members of an Indian religious minority
Term
Kashmir
Definition
a state in the Himalayas with Muslim and Hindu populations which India and Pakistan fought a war over
Term
Jawaharlal Nehru
Definition
first prime minister of India who led his country from 1947 to 1964
Term
Dalits
Definition
outcasts who were discriminated against and treated inhumanely
Term
Indira Gandhi
Definition
Nehru’s daughter who was elected as prime minister two years after her father’s death in 1964
Term
Punjab
Definition
a prosperous and largely Sikh state for which some Indian Sikhs wanted independence; occupied Golden Temple in 1984
Term
Golden Temple
Definition
the Sikh religion’s holiest shrine where some Indian Sikhs occupied in 1984 in order to get independence for Punjab
Term
Bangladesh
Definition
was formerly East Pakistan; they declared independence for East Pakistan under the name of Bangladesh in 1971
Term
Nonalignment
Definition
political and diplomatic independence from both Cold War superpowers
Term
Autocratic
Definition
a government with unlimited power
Term
Aung San Suu Kyi
Definition
the leader of a party who opposed military rule in Myanmar, when her party won in an election, the results were rejected and she was held under house arrest; she won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 but remained a prisoner
Term
Sukarno
Definition
the first president of Indonesia until Suharto seized power in 1966
Term
Suharto
Definition
corrupted dictator of Indonesia, ruled for 3 decades, he took control after stopping a supposed communist attempt at power; hundreds of thousands of Communists and suspected communists were slaughtered; forced to resign in 1998
Term
East Timor
Definition
a former Portuguese colony which Indonesia seized from Portugal in 1975
Term
Ferdinand Marcos
Definition
the president of the Philippines elected in 1965 who abandoned democracy and became a dictator and cracked down on basic freedom
Term
Benigno Aquino
Definition
Marcos’ rival who was murdered by him
Term
Corazon Aquino
Definition
wife of Benigno who was elected president of the Philippines in 1986; under her and her successors, the fragile democracy struggled to survive
Term
Savannas
Definition
grasslands with scattered trees
Term
Kwame Nkrumah
Definition
a skilled speaker and organizer who demanded freedom in the Gold Coast, now Ghana
Term
Jomo Kenyatta
Definition
a skilled speaker and organizer who demanded freedom in Kenya
Term
Coup d’etat
Definition
the forcible overthrow of a government
Term
Mobutu Sese Seko
Definition
the dictator of Zaire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was supported by the US to counter Soviet support for the government of neighboring Angola
Term
Islamist
Definition
people who want government policies to be based on the teachings of Islam
Term
Katanga
Definition
a province in the Congo which holds valuable natural resources, including diamonds and copper
Term
Biafra
Definition
a region that declared independence as the Republic of Biafra by the mainly Christian Ibo people in Nigeria in 1966. After a 3 year war, Nigeria’s military won and ended Biafra’s independence
Term
Kibbutz
Definition
a collective farm which produced crops for export in the independent State of Israel under David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel
Term
Secular
Definition
the policy of being nonreligious in government and law
Term
Secular
Definition
the policy of being nonreligious in government and law
Term
Hejab
Definition
tradition of wearing the traditional Muslim headscarves and loose-fitting, ankle-length garments meant to conceal
Term
Suez Canal
Definition
the canal that connects Europe with Asia and East Africa
Term
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Definition
popular nationalist who seized power in Egypt in 1952; led two unsuccessful wars against Israel, and to counter US support for Israel, relied on Soviet aid
Term
Anwar Sadat
Definition
Nasser’s successor who took power in 1979 and became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel; weakened ties with the Soviet Union and sought US aid. Assassinated in 1981 by Muslim fundamentalists
Term
Mohammad Mosaddeq
Definition
leader of nationalist opponents of Iran’s monarch, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi; elected prime minister in 1951, and nationalized the western-owned oil industry.
Term
Ruhollah Khomeini
Definition
a religious leader who condemned Western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law
Term
Theocracy
Definition
a government ruled by religious leaders
Term
Northern Ireland
Definition
the northern portion o the island of Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom that has had a long religious conflict
Term
Good Friday Agreement
Definition
the peace accord signed by Protestants and Catholics in 1998 in Northern Ireland to stop the violence
Term
Chechnya
Definition
a republic within Russia where rebels have fought for independence from Russia
Term
Multiethnic
Definition
the state of being made up of several ethnic groups
Term
Ethnic cleansing
Definition
killing people from other ethnic groups or forcibly removing them from their homes to create ethnically “pure” areas
Term
Kosovo
Definition
a Serbian province where Ethnic Albanians made up about 90 percent of Kosovo’s population and the rest of the population mostly Serbian; the site of a major ethnic conflict during the 1990s
Term
Slobodan Milosevic
Definition
the extremely nationalistic Serbian president who, in 1989, begun oppressing Kosovar Albanians which led to genocide and a civil war
Term
Apartheid
Definition
the separation of the races in South Africa after 1948
Term
African National Congress (ANC)
Definition
the main organization that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule
Term
Sharpeville
Definition
a black township where police killed 69 men, women, and children during a peaceful demonstration there in 1960; turning point for ANC, led to more violence
Term
Nelson Mandela
Definition
an ANC leader who first mobilized worked to peacefully resist apartheid laws, then, as government violence grew, called for armed struggle against the white minority government; sentenced to life in prison but remained a powerful symbol of the struggle for freedom; elected the first president of a truly democratic South Africa.
Term
Desmond Tutu
Definition
a black South African bishop who won the Nobel peace prize in 1984, for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid
Term
F.W. de Klerk
Definition
the South African president who finally ended apartheid because of outside pressure and protests at home
Term
Hutus
Definition
the majority in Rwanda but were dominated by Tutsis. In 1994, extremist Hutu officials urged civilians to kill their Tutsi and moderate Hutu neighbors
Term
Tutsis
Definition
the minority of Rwanda who dominated the country for several years; then when the Hutus struck back, around 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered and another 3 million of Rwanda’s 8 million people lost their homes to destructive mobs.
Term
Darfur
Definition
a region in western Sudan where ethnic conflict had spread by 2004; the conflict raised fears of a new genocide
Term
Occupied territories
Definition
the regions that the Arabs failed to regain from the Israeli forces after they had seized in the 1973 war
Term
Yasir Arafat
Definition
leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) which headed the Palestinian struggle against Israel
Term
Intifada
Definition
uprising
Term
Yitzhak Rabin
Definition
Israel’s Prime Minister who signed the Oslo Accord with Yasir Arafat in 1993
Term
Jerusalem
Definition
a city which is sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christians; there has been conflict between Palestine and Israel over the claim of the holy city
Term
Militia
Definition
an armed group of citizen soldiers
Term
Militia
Definition
an armed group of citizen soldiers
Term
Saddam Hussein
Definition
horrific dictator of Iraq after he seized power in 1979; brutalized and murdered hundreds of thousands
Term
No-fly zone
Definition
areas where Iraqi aircraft were forbidden to fly
Term
Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
Definition
biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons
Term
Insurgent
Definition
rebels
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