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Final Ex Ch 19 + 20 +22 Angiosperm
Intro to angiosperm, flowers and fruits
62
Biology
Undergraduate 3
05/16/2011

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Cards

Term
What is angiosperm?
Definition
protected seed
Term
What phyla makes up angiosperms?
Definition
Phyla Anthophyta
Term
What are the three classes of anthophyta?
Definition

- Monocotyledones

- Eudicotyledones

- flowering plants (angiosperms)

Term
What are the characteristics of Phylum Anthophyta?
Definition
  • dominant heterosporous sporophytes and unisextual endosporic gametophytes
  • flowers modified from shoot apices produce fused microsporangia (stamens) and ovules inside an ovary
  • double fertilization (also seen in some gymnosperms); produces food for embryo inside angiosperms
  • seed develop inside fruits
Term
What are the innovations of Phyla Anthophyta?
Definition
  • vessels in xylem, sieve tubes in phloem
  • protected seeds; development takes place in fruit
  • fruit modified for protection and dispersal
Term
When and what was the earliest angiosperm fossil?
Definition
Archefrutus about 123-135 mya and is closely related to Gnetophytes gymnosperm .
Term
Woody Magnoliids and paleoherbs are ancestral to both what? What percentage of angiosperms are represented?
Definition
Monocots and eudicots; only 3% of present-day angiosperms
Term
Based on molecular data this is sister to all other angiosperms. Which groups are included? Are they dicot or monocot?
Definition
Amborella includes paleoherbs and woody magnoliids. Neither dicot or eudicot.
Term

What is the only species in the Amborellerceae family?

 

Definition
  • Amborella trichopodia
  • Diecious, small simple flowers w/ spiraled parts
  • no vessels
  • no evidence of genome duplication
  • woody and evergreen
Term
What are some charateristics of basal angiosperms?
Definition
  • mixture of monocot and eudicot characters and when two species diverged from each other so did their characters
  • two cotyledons in embryo is primitive, but 1 cotyledon is the derived character found in all monocots
  • one pore or furrow in pollen in primitive, but three is derived character found in eudicots
Term

Eudicot characteristics

a) flower parts

b) pollen

c) Cotyledons

d) leaf venation

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium

Definition

a) 4 or 5 flower parts

b) pollen- triaperature (3 pores or furrows)

c) 2 cotyledons

d) leaf venation: usually netlike

e) vascular bundles in stem: in a ring

f) vascular cambium commonly present

Term

Monocots characteristics

a) flower parts

b) pollen

c) Cotyledons

d) leaf venation

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium

Definition

 

a) flower parts: 3

b) pollen: monoaperature

c) Cotyledons: 1

d) leaf venation: usually parallel

e) Primary vascular bundles in stem: complex arrangment

f) True secondary growth, w/ vascular cambium: rare

Term
What is a flower modified from? What are the parts of a flower?
Definition

A flower is modified from a step tip with modified leaves in four whorls.

 

Sepal, Petal, Stamen and Pistil

Term
What is a sepal?
Definition
outermost whorl, sometimes green, sometimes colors; if fused called a calyx
Term
What is the petal?
Definition
Next whirl inside the sepal; color if animal pollinated; if fused, collectively called a corolla
Term
What is a stamen?
Definition

Fused microsporangia (anthers) supported by a stalk (filament); these may be fused together or to petals

 

THINK STAY-MEN = MALE = ANTHER = microsporangia

Stamen = anther + filament

Term
What is a pistil?
Definition

central structure made up of one or more carpels (leaves bearing ovules) rolled into tubes; at the tip is a sticky stigma connected by a long style to a swollen base (ovary) containing ovules.

 

Pistil = Stigma, Style, Ovary

Term
What are the four types of flowers?
Definition
  1. complete flowers
  2. incomplete flower
  3. perfect flowers
  4. imperfect flowers
Term
What are complete flowers?
Definition

Flowers that have all flower parts

- septal

- petal

- stamen

- pistil

Term
What are incomplete flowers?
Definition
Flowers that lack one of the four flower parts
Term
What are perfect flowers?
Definition
Perfect flowers have both stamen and pistil
Term
What are imperfect flowers?
Definition
Flowers that have either staminate or pistillate
Term
What are hermaphroditic plants?
Definition
They are considered perfect flowers because they consists of both stamen and pistil (male and female part)
Term
What are monoecious plants?
Definition
Plants that are imperfect flowers having either pistillate or staminate but are still on the same flower (one house)
Term
What are dioecious plants? Give examples
Definition

Flowers only have either pistillate or staminate at any given time

 

e.g holly, willow, ginkgo

Term
What is microsporogenesis?
Definition
formation of microspores (single celled pollen grains) within the microsporangia of the anther.
Term
What is Microgametogenesis?
Definition
The development of the microgametophyte within the pollen grain upto the three-celled stage of development.
Term
How are pollen grains formed in angiosperms during microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis?
Definition

- Male gametophytes (= pollen grains) develop inside anthers (fused microsporangia)

- microspore mother cell (2N) undergoes meiosis to form four microspores (N)

- microspore undergoes one mitotic division to form a two-celled microgametophyte (pollen grain)

Term
What is a tapetum?
Definition
nutritive cells that supply food for the microspores.
Term
During microgametogenesis in angiosperms and microspores begin to divide mitotically. What are the two cells that form within the microspore wall?
Definition
Large tube cell, or vegetative cell and a small generative cell
Term
What is the three-celled microgametophyte?
Definition
during two celled stage prior to release the generative cell nucleus divides prior to release to give 3-celled.
Term
What is megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis?
Definition
Formation of megaspores within the nucellus and the actual development of the megaspore into the embryo sac.
Term
Where does the female gametophyte develop in angiosperms?
Definition
It develops inside the ovule like the gymnosperms except that the ovules are enclosed in an ovary.
Term
How does a female gametophyte develop?
Definition

Megaspore (N) undergoes 3 mitotic division to form a mature female gametophyte (embryo sac)

 

Term
What is the structure of an ovule?
Definition
Funiculus- a stalk bearing the nucellus enclosed by 1 or 2 integuments and a micropyle opening at the opposite end of the chalaza
Term
A mature gametophyte contains 7 cells and 8 nuclei, how?
Definition
  • two polar nuclei migrate from each end of the center of a large central cell
  • three antipodal cells at the chalzal end
  • two synergid cells bordering tghe egg
Term
How does fertilization occur in angiosperm?
Definition
  • Pollen tube grows down to the ovule and contact embryo sac and deposits sperm nuclei inside
  • one sperm nucleus fuse w/ the egg to form a zygote (2N)
  • the other sperm nucleus fuses w/ the polar nuclei to form an endosperm nucleus (3N) which develops into endosperm
  • double fertilization
Term
What is double fertilization?
Definition

Double fertilization is when

1) Egg gets fertilized by sperm

2) Endosperm is formed

Term
What are the four processes that occur during double fertilization?
Definition
  1. primary endosperm nucleud divides forming endosperm
  2. zygote develops into embryo
  3. the integuments develop into a seed coat
  4. ovary wall and related structures develop into a fruit
Term
What is the seed in angiosperm made up of?
Definition
  1. seed coat made of integuments
  2. embryo (2N)
  3. endosperm tissue (3N) food supply
Term
What is the advantage of double fertilization?
Definition
Food supply is made after fertilization so it is not wasted.
Term
What is a suspensor apparatus?
Definition
It is formed by the embryo which are long column cells on the embryo and it keeps it in contact with the food supply
Term
What are the parts of a eudicot
Definition
  • two cotyledons
  • hypocotyl on one side
  • shoot apical meristem
  • basal cell of suspensor
Term
what are the parts of a monocot
Definition
  • pericarp
  • endosperm
  • scutellum (single cotyledon)
  • coleoptile
  • plumile
  • radicle
  • coleorhiza
Term
Development of Maize
Definition
  • Coleoptile will break through the soil
  • first leaf foliage break through the coleoptile
  • formation of shoot-borne roots
Term
What part of the plant body do fruits arise from?
Definition
Ovary and enclose seeds
Term
What are the 3 fruit types?
Definition
  1. Simple: develop from a single ovary to form a single flower
    e.g fleshy many types
  2. multiple: develops from an inflorescence with numerous flowers clustered together
    e.g pineapple, mulberry
  3. aggregate: many ovaries form to develop a single flower
    e.g blackberry, strawberry, magnolia
Term
What are the 5 types of simple fruits?
Definition
  1. berry
  2. hesperidium
  3. pepo
  4. drupe
  5. pome
Term
What is a berry?
Definition

Entire fruit wall fleshy

 

e.g tomato, grapes, banana

Term
What is a Hesperdium?
Definition

modified berry with a leathery rind

 

e.g citrus

Term
What is pepo?
Definition

Modified berry w/ a hard rind

 

e.g cucumber, melons

Term
What is Drupe?
Definition

fleshy out water and hard inner fruit

 

e.g coconut, avocado, peach, walnut

Term
What is pome?
Definition

An accesory fruit that develops from floral tissue surrounding the inferior ovary. the ovary becomes the "core"

 

e.g apple, pear

Term
What are the two types of dry simple fruits?
Definition
  1. Dehiscent: Open
  2. Indehiscent: do not open along a line
Term
What are the different types of dehiscent fruits?
Definition

a. legume: open on two sides

b. follicle: open on one side, milkweed

c. capsule: compound w/ many chambers, dehiscence lines

Term
What are the different types of indehiscent fruits?
Definition

achene: one seed in a dry fruit; not fused,

e.g sunflower, strawberry

 

nut: very hard fruit wall

e.g acorn

 

caryopsis: one seed in a dry fruit; fused;

e.g grains like corn, oats, barley

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