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Final Cumulative-antimicrobials
NA
101
Pharmacology
Graduate
03/22/2015

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Term
penicillin G (pfizerpen)
Definition
bacterial cell wall inhibitor--transpeptidase inhibitor (non-resistant staphylococcus and streptococcus, pasteurella multocida, clostridium spp., spirochetes, actinomycetes israelii)
Term
penicillin V potassium (generic)
Definition
bacterial cell wall inhibitor--transpeptidase inhibitor (minor infections) --better GI absorption than pen G, but less active
Term
penicillin G procaine (wycillin)
Definition
bacterial cell wall inhibitor--transpeptidase inhibitor (strep pyogenes) --slow release form
Term
penicillin G benzathine (bicillin L-A, permapen)
Definition
bacterial cell wall inhibitor--transpeptidase inhibitor (strep pharyngitis, prophylaxis for rheumatic fever, syphilis) --slowest release form
Term
methicillin
Definition
penicillinase resistant penicillin (no longer used due to interstitial nephritis)
Term
nafcillin (generic)
Definition
penicillinase resistant penicillin (Beta lactamase producing Staph and strep) --usually given IV
Term
oxacillin (generic, bactocill)
Definition
penicillinase resistant penicillin (Beta lactamase producing Staph and strep)
Term
ampicillin (generic, principen)
Definition
extended spectrum penicillin (Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, strep. pyogenes, susceptible strep. pneumo, Moraxella catatthalis, enterococcus faecalis) --interferes with contraceptives
Term
amoxicillin (generic, amoxil, trimox)
Definition
extended spectrum penicillin (Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, strep. pyogenes, susceptible strep. pneumo, Moraxella catatthalis, enterococcus faecalis) --good GI absorption, interferes with contraceptives
Term
ticarcillin + clavulanate potassium (timentin)
Definition
carboxypenicillin antipseudomonal in combo with Beta lactamase inhibitor (septicemia, UTI, intra-abdominal infxns) --excess Na, prolong bleeding time
Term
piperacillin + tazobactam (zosyn)
Definition
ureidopenicillin antipseudomonal in combo w/ beta lactamase inhibitor (community/nosocomial pneumonia, septicemia, UTI, gyne infxns, intra-abdominal infxns, skin infxns) --broader spectrum than ticarcillin and less adverse effects
Term
aztreonam (azactam)
Definition
monobactam--penicillin like action but resistant to beta lactamase (gram neg. coverage only, patients w/ penicillin allergies)
Term
imipenem + cilastatin (primaxin)
Definition
carbapenem--broad spectrum penicillin like action but resistant to beta lactamases (Gram + and - coverage in severe hospital acquired infxns) --N/V, allergic rxn, seizures
Term
clavulanic acid
Definition
inhibits class A (plasmid encoded) beta lactamase
Term
tazobactam
Definition
inhibits class A (plasmid encoded) beta lactamase
Term
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (augmentin)
Definition
extended spectrum penicillin w/ beta lactamase inhibitor (S. aureus, H. influenzae, gonococci, E. coli, M. catarrhalis, drug of choice for acute otitis media, sinusitis, human and animal bite wounds, also used in UTI's and gonorrhea)
Term
cefazolin (generic, ancef)
Definition
1st gen cephalosporin (mainly gram + infxns) --drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis
Term
cephalexin (keflex)
Definition
1st gen cephalosporin (mainly gram + infxns)
Term
cefaclor (ceclor)
Definition
2nd gen cephalosporin (medium activity to gram + and -, sinusitis, otitis media, community acquired pneumonia, perotinitis) --susceptible to beta lactamase
Term
cefoxitin (mefoxin)
Definition
2nd gen cephalosporin (medium activity to gram + and -, sinusitis, otitis media, community acquired pneumonia, perotinitis)
Term
cefuroxime axetil (ceftin) --oral
cefuroxime (zinacef) --IV
Definition
2nd gen cephalosporin (medium activity to gram + and -, sinusitis, otitis media, community acquired pneumonia, perotinitis)
Term
cefprozil (cefzil)
Definition
2nd gen cephalosporin (medium activity to gram + and -, sinusitis, otitis media, community acquired pneumonia, perotinitis)
Term
ceftriaxone (rocephin)
Definition
3rd gen cephalosporin (more gram - activity, less gram + activity, serious infxns including meningitis, sepsis, gonorrhea, penicillin resistant strep pneumo, neuro complications post lyme disease) --longest half life
Term
cefixime (suprax)
Definition
3rd gen cephalosporin (more gram - activity, less gram + activity, serious infxns including meningitis, sepsis, gonorrhea)
Term
cefotaxime (claforan)
Definition
3rd gen cephalosporin (more gram - activity, less gram + activity, serious infxns including meningitis, sepsis, penicillin resistant strep pneumo)
Term
ceftazidime (fortaz, tazidime)
Definition
3rd gen cephalosporin (more gram - activity, less gram + activity, serious infxns including meningitis, sepsis, anti-pseudomonas)
Term
cefepime (maxipime)
Definition
4th gen cephalosporin --resistant to plasmid and chromosomal beta lactamase, power house AB
Term
ceftaroline (teflaro)
Definition
5th gen cephalosporin (community acquired pneumonia, enterococcus and MRSA)
Term
chloramphenicol (generic, chloromycetin)
Definition
broad sprectrum protein synthesis inhibitor--binds to 50S subunit (bacterial meningitis, brain abscess, rickettsial diseases in pregnant women and children) --bone marrow toxicity, gray baby syndrome
Term
tetracycline (generic, sumycin)
Definition
short acting tetracycline--broad spectrum, inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit (rickettsial infxns, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydiae infxns, lyme disease, brucellosis, cholera, H. pylori, periodontitis) --superinfxns, dental discoloration, fanconi syndrome, take standing up w/ water
Term
doxycycline (generic, vibramycin, monodox)
Definition
long acting tetracycline--broad spectrum, inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit (rickettsial infxns, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydiae infxns, lyme disease, brucellosis, cholera, H. pylori, periodontitis) --superinfxns, dental discoloration, fanconi syndrome, take standing up w/ water
Term
minocycline (generic, minocin, arrestin, dynacin, myrac)
Definition
long acting tetracycline--broad spectrum, inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S subunit (rickettsial infxns, mycoplasma pneumonia, chlamydiae infxns, lyme disease, brucellosis, cholera, H. pylori, periodontitis) --superinfxns, dental discoloration, fanconi syndrome, take standing up w/ water
Term
tigecycline (tygacil)
Definition
long acting tetracycline derivative--efflux pump resistant protein synthesis inhibitor (MRSA skin infxns, intra-abdominal infxns)
Term
erythromycin base (generic, ERY, PCE)
Definition
macrolide--inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S subunit (mycoplasma pneumonia, legionella pneumophila, nonstrep pharyngitis, chlamydial infxns, whooping cough, campylobacter gastroenteritis, preventing endocarditis w/ dental procedures) --low oral absorption, increased gastric emptying, liver toxicity, inhibits p450
Term
clarithromycin (generic, biaxin)
Definition
macrolide--binds 50S subunit (same as erythromycin but better for mycobacterium avium complex and H. influenzae) --longer acting, 2x daily
Term
azithromycin (zithromax)
Definition
macrolide--binds 50S subunit (same as erythromycin but better for H. influenzae, single dose treatment for genital chlamydia) --longest acting macrolide, does not affect p450
Term
telithromycin (ketek)
Definition
macrolide--binds 50S subunit (respiratory infxns) --effective against macrolide resistant gram +'s, severe liver toxicity
Term
sulfasalazine
Definition
anti-inflammatory sulfonamide--converted to 5-ASA in gut (ulcerative colitis and IBD)
Term
silver sulfadiazine (silvadene)
Definition
topical sulfonamide--antibacterial and antifungal (prevention of infxns in burns, conjuctivitis, chlamydia trachoma)
Term
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, bactrim, septra)
Definition
inhibits folic acid production and is bacteriocidal (UTI--E. coli, K. pneumonia, Proteus, enterobacter, morganella, respiratory infxns--strep pneumo, Hib, M. catarrhalis, P. jerovecii, GI infxns--E. coli, salmonella, cholera, soft tissue infxns--MRSA, listeria, yersinia, nocardia, toxo, pneumocystis) --crystaluria, hemolytic anemia, SJS, hyperkalemia, DONT GIVE DURING PREGNANCY
Term
gentamicin (generic, garamycin, jenamicin)
Definition
aminoglycoside--irreversibly inhibits 30S subunit (UTI's, gram - pneumonias, P. aeruginosa, enterobacter, klebsiella, serratia, E. coli, enterococcal endocarditis, sepsis, burns, peritonitis) --nephrotoxic, ototoxic
Term
tobramycin (generic, nebcin)
Definition
aminoglycoside--irreversibly inhibits 30S subunit (best pseudomonas coverage during bacteremia, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, CF patients) --ototoxic, nephrotoxic
Term
amikacin (generic, amikin)
Definition
broadest spectrum aminoglycoside--irreversibly inhibits 30S subunit (serious hospital aminoglycoside resistant infxns, MTB) --nephrotoxic, ototoxic
Term
streptomycin
Definition
aminoglycoside--irreversibly inhibits 30S subunit (not really anything anymore) --less gram - activity than others, ototoxicity
Term
ciprofloxacin (cipro)
Definition
2nd gen fluoroquinolone--inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (pseudomonas in CF patient, UTI, prostatitis, E. coli, chlamydia trachomatis, haemophilus ducreyi, GI, salmonella, shigella, bone-joint-skin infxns, mycobacterium, francisella tularensis, anthrax) --GI disturbance, C. diff
Term
levofloxacin (levaquin)
Definition
3rd gen fluoroquinolone, better gram + coverage--inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (pseudomonas in CF patient, UTI, prostatitis, E. coli, chlamydia trachomatis, haemophilus ducreyi, GI, salmonella, shigella, bone-joint-skin infxns, mycobacterium, francisella tularensis, anthrax, pneumonia from strep, staph, mycoplasma, legionella) --GI disturbance, C. diff
Term
moxifloxacin (avelox)
Definition
4th gen fluoroquinolone, best gram + coverage--inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (pseudomonas in CF patient, prostatitis, E. coli, chlamydia trachomatis, haemophilus ducreyi, GI, salmonella, shigella, bone-joint-skin infxns, mycobacterium, francisella tularensis, anthrax, pneumonia from strep, staph, mycoplasma, legionella) --GI disturbance, C. diff, not good for UTI's
Term
vancomycin (vancocin)
Definition
bacteriocidal cell wall inhibitor (MRSA, C. diff, strep pneumo meningitis) --ototoxic, nephrotoxic, red neck syndrome
Term
clindamycin (cleocin)
Definition
bacteriostatic protein synthesis inhibitor--binds 50S subunit (gram +'s and anaerobes, especially for ABSCESSES, prophylaxis during dental procedures) --C. diff is major concern
Term
nitrofurantoin (furadantin, macrobid, macrodantin)
Definition
may damage bacterial DNA (chronic UTI's, Pseudomonas) --hemolytic anemia
Term
polymyxin B (generic, poly-Rx)
Definition
topical-disrupts cell membranes (gram neg activity only including pseudomonas) --nephrotoxic, neurotoxic
Term
metronidazole (flagyl)
Definition
bacteriocidal, binds intracellular macromolecules (only effective against anaerobes including bacteroides fragilis, intra-abdominal/pelvic infxns, brain abscesses, H. pylori) --carcinogenic, reacts with ETOH
Term
bacitracin (bacitracin USP, baci IM)
Definition
ointment, cell wall inhibitor (broad spectrum for open wounds and eye infxns) --nephrotoxicity
Term
quinupristin/dalfopristin (synercid)
Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor--binds 50S subunit (infxns by resistant strains of MRSA, vanco resistant enterococcus faecium, strep)
Term
linezolid (zyvox)
Definition
protein synthesis inhibitor--binds 50S subunit (vanco resistant enterococcus facacium, nosocomial pneumo, MRSA skin infxns) --monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Term
daptomycin (cubicin)
Definition
depolarizes cell membrane (MRSA) --myopathy, neuropathy
Term
isoniazid (nydrazid)
Definition
inhibits mycolic acid synthesis in MTB (1st line TB agent) --peripheral neuropathy (treat w/ pyridoxine), hepatitis
Term
rifampin (rifadin, rimactane)
Definition
inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase (1st line TB agent, leprosy) --GI, red urine, hepatitis, P450 inducer
Term
ethambutol (myambutol)
Definition
inhibits mycolic acid incorporation (TB) --optic neuritis
Term
pyrazinamide
Definition
MOA unknown (TB) --hepatotoxic, hyperuricemia
Term
clofazimine (lamprene)
Definition
binds mycobacterial DNA (lepromatous leprosy) --GI, skin discoloration
Term
dapsone
Definition
inhibits folic acid synthesis (leprosy) --hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, sulfone syndrome
Term
amphotericin B (amphotec)
Definition
binds sterols in fungi (systemic, superficial candida, protozoan infxns) --nephrotoxic, anemia
Term
ketoconazole
Definition
imidazole--inhibits 14-alpha-demethylase (systemic broad spectrum antifungal, superficial candida/ringworm) --GI, endocrine abnormalities
Term
fluconazole (diflucan)
Definition
triazole--inhibits 14-alpha-demethylase (systemic antifungal, superficial candida)
Term
itraconazole (sporanox)
Definition
triazole--inhibits 14-alpha-demethylase (systemic antifungal, superficial candida)
Term
griseofulvin (grifulvin v)
Definition
binds mitotic apparatus and arrests cells in metaphase, deposits in keratin precursor cells (dermatophytoses)
Term
nystatin
Definition
binds sterols in fungal cell membrane (candida)
Term
terbinafine hydrochloride (lamisil)
Definition
squalene monooxygenase inhibitor--inhibits ergosterol synth. (dermatophytoses, candida)
Term
caspofungin (cancidas)
Definition
blocks synthesis of beta (1,3)-d-glucan in fungal cell walls (resistant systemic aspergillosis and esophageal candidiasis)
Term
immune globulin (gammagard S/D)
Definition
human IgG, IgM--increased passive immunity (prophylaxis for measles, hepatitis A and hep B)
Term
amantadine (symmetrel)
Definition
blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza A virus --CNS side effects
Term
ribavirin (virazole)
Definition
DNA and RNA synthesis inhibitor (RSV, in combo w/ INF alpha for Hep C) --teratogenesis
Term
zanamivir (relenza)
Definition
neuraminidase inhibitor (influenza A and B)
Term
oseltamivir (tamiflu)
Definition
neuraminidase inhibitor (influenza A and B) --N/V and HA
Term
trifluridine (viroptic)
Definition
DNA synthesis inhibitor (herpes simplex kertitis) --teratogenic, visual haze
Term
IFN-alpha-2b (intron A)
Definition
viral protein and replication inhibitor (genital and anal warts, hep B, in combo w/ ribavirin for hep C) --flu like, myalgia, transient hematologic abnormalities
Term
acyclovir (zovirax)
Definition
DNA synthesis inhibitor (HSV, varicella zoster)
Term
ganciclovir (cytovene)
Definition
DNA synthesis inhibitor (CMV retinitis) --teratogenic, myelosuppression, neutropenia
Term
foscarnet (foscavir)
Definition
DNA synth inhibitor (CMV retinitis in AIDS patient) --nephrotoxic
Term
zidovudine, AZT, ZDV (retrovir)
Definition
NRTI--pyrimidine nucleoside (HIV)
Term
lamivudine, 3TC (epivir)
Definition
NRTI--pyrimidine nucleoside (HIV, Hepatitis B) --Hep B flare up
Term
abacavir, ABC (ziagen)
Definition
NRTI--nucleoside analogue (HIV) --severe hypersensitivity
Term
emtricitabine (emtriva)
Definition
NRTI--nucleoside analogue (HIV, Hepatitis B) --hyperpigmentation of palms and soles
Term
tenofovir (viread)
Definition
NNRTI--nucleoTide (HIV, Hepatitis B)
Term
efavirenz (sustiva)
Definition
NNRTI--non-nucleoside (HIV) --P450 metabolism
Term
ritonavir (norvir)
Definition
PI--modified peptide (HIV, boost concentration of other PI's) --P450 metabolism, circumoral & peripheral paresthesia
Term
indinavir (crixivan)
Definition
PI--modified peptide (HIV) --P450 metabolism, nephrolithiasis
Term
atazanavir sulfate (reyataz)
Definition
PI--modified peptide (HIV) --P450 metabolism
Term
chloroquine (aralen) and hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil)
Definition
blood schizonticide--inhibits plasmodium feeding (treatment/prophylaxis of malaria)
Term
quinine
Definition
blood schizonticide--inhibits plasmodium feeding (chloroquine resistant malaria) --cinchonism, neuromuscular blockade, myocardial depression
Term
quinidine gluconate
Definition
blood schizonticide--inhibits plasmodium feeding (chloroquine resistant malaria) --cinchonism, neuromuscular blockade, myocardial depression
Term
mefloquine (lariam)
Definition
blood schizonticide--inhibits plasmodium feeding (treatment/prophylaxis of chloroquine resistant malaria, especially P. falciparum) --ataxia, psychotic rxns, seizures
Term
artemisinin (artemether)
Definition
blood schizonticide--generates free radicals (drug of choice for chloroquine resistant P. falciparum)
Term
primaquine
Definition
tissue schizonticide (P. vivax/ovale malarial treatment) --hemolytic anemia
Term
albendazole (albenza)
Definition
antihelminth--Inhibits microtubule polymerization & microtubule dependent glucose uptake (Pinworms, Asymptomatic round worms, Hookworm, Neurocysticercosis d/t Taenia solium (pork tapeworm))
Term
pyrantel (antiminth, pin-x)
Definition
antihelminth--Activates cholinergic nicotinic-Rs in muscles of nematode leading to Paralysis of worm (Pinworm, Heavy infections round worms)
Term
praziquantel (biltricide)
Definition
antihelminth--Induces muscle contraction then spastic paralysis, ↑ Ca2+ ion influx (cestodes ex: taenia's)
Term
metronidazole (flagyl)
Definition
antiprotozoan--Binds intracellular macromolecules inhibiting DNA Synthesis (symptomatic amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Anaerobic bacteria, C. Diff (+), B. fragilis (-))
Term
iodoquinol (yodoxin)
Definition
antiprotozoan (Asymptomatic carriers of Amebiasis (entamoeba histolytica)) --neurotoxic, optic neuritis
Term
paromomycin (humatin)
Definition
antiprotozoan--Inhibits protein synthesis, Binds 30S ribosomal unit (Asymptomatic carriers of Amebiasis, Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS pts) --aminoglycoside so nephrotoxic and ototoxic
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