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Farm Animal Neurology
VM 609 Midterm
106
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
09/06/2012

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Cards

Term
Common Sites of Spinal Cord Lesions
Definition
C6-T2
L4-S2
Term
Common Causes of Spinal Cord Lesions in Cattle
Definition
Lymphosarcoma
Spinal cord abscesses from Corynebacter
Trauma
Term
Causes of Hydrocephalus
Definition
Bluetongue
Akabane
Term
Vitamin A Deficiency Mechanism
Definition
interefers with absorption of CSF at arachnoid villi
CSF pressure elevates
results in blindess then seizures
papilliedmia at optic chiasm
Term
Vitamin A Deficiency Signs and Tx
Definition
calves are born alive and appear blind
tx with injectable Vitamin A and cure within 24 hours
Term
Cerebellar Abiotrophy Mechanism
Definition
autosomal recessive trait of Herefords and Shorthorns
caused by BVD between 100-200 days gestation
folial degeneration
cavitation of cerebellum
Term
Cerebellar Abiotrophy Signs
Definition
recumbent
blind
BVD positive on virus neutralization
Retinal atrophy, optic neuritis, cataracts and micro-ophthalmia with retinal dysplasia
Term
Myelodysplasia
Definition
occurs in caudal thoracic and lumbar spine
marked incoordination without paresis
pelvic limbs hop and move together
Term
Malformed Vertebral Canal
Definition
myelin disorder of Charolais
neuraxial edema of Herefords (polled)
hypomyelinogenesis of Jerseys (spastic dymetric gait if can walk)
Term
Tetanus Organism
Definition
Clostridium tetani
Gram +
anaerobic
spore-forming rod
Term
Tetanus Pathogenesis
Definition
neurotoxin (TeNT) causes tetanospasmin
tetanolysin has tissue necrotizing effect
this decreases tissue oxygenation and facilitate bacterial proliferation
TeNT binds to nerve cell and taken up by endocytosis
moves retrograde up axon
TeNT internalized into interneurons that regulate motorneuron activity
inhibits action of inhibitory neurons
prevents release of GABA and glycine
TeNT bind irreversibly
can only recover with growth of new nerve terminals (days to weeks)
Term
Tetanus Spread
Definition
horses shed in feces
cattle tend to be resistant
sheep tend to be susceptible
acquire through wound infection by castration, tail docking, punctures, retained placenta
Term
Tetanus Signs
Definition
stiff gait, mild bloat
difficulty rising
pump-handle tail
loss of rumination
erect ears pulled back-Sardonic grin
prolapsed third eyelid from spasm of retractor oculi
lock jaw from spasm of masseter muscles
loss of swallowing
all of these signs are produced from excitement
Term
Tetanus Death
Definition
spastic paralysis
respiratory paralysis
Term
Tetanus Treatment
Definition
wound debridement
Procaine Penicillin G BId 2-3 days
tetanus antitoxin for 3-5 days
tranquilize with acepromazine
relax muscles with diazepam
supportive care in quiet, dark, well padded stall
Term
Tetanus Prevention
Definition
tetanus yearly
booster pregnant does/ewes in late gestation to protect kids/lambs
tetanus antitoxin/toxoid when docking/castrating
Term
Tetanus Vaccination
Definition
vaccinate at 6 and 10 weeks
duration of protection unknown
inexpensive and works
Term
Botulism Organism
Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Term
Botulism Transmission
Definition
decaying vegetation
Term
Botulism Pathogenesis
Definition
exotoxin blocks Ach release and causes flaccid paralysis
usually affects multiple animals
Term
Botulism Prevention
Definition
no vaccine
avoid feeding spoiled feed
check feed for carcasses before mixing
Term
Botulism Treatment
Definition
antitoxin
Term
Tick Paralysis Pathogenesis
Definition
tick saliva contains neurotoxin
Term
Tick Paralysis Signs
Definition
ascending LMN disease
quickly progressing ascending paralysis
Term
Tick Paralysis Culprit
Definition
Dermacenter spp.
Term
Rabies Pathology Findings
Definition
eosinophlic, intracytoplasmic inclusions in large neurons - Negri bodies
Term
Rabies Pathogenesis
Definition
tranmission via bite wound through saliva
replication in peripheral tissues
centripetal movement up axons
infection and replication in CNS
descends down cranial nerves to salivary duct and transmitted through saliva
Term
Manifestations of Rabies
Definition
Infection of Limbic System - furious form
Infection of Neocortex - paralytic/dumb form
Term
Prevention of Rabies
Definition
vaccination of all livestock not recommended
only valuable animals
Term
Listeriosis Organism
Definition
Listeria monocytogenes
small Gram +
nonspore-forming diptheritis rod
Term
Listeriosis Spread
Definition
feces of many mammals, birds, firsh
survive in environment for months to years
venereal possible
Term
Listeriosis Sources
Definition
acidic silage inhibits growth
fecal contamination
chronic intramammary infection
poultry litter used as bedding
Term
Listeriosis Signs
Definition
1 month or older
multiple unilateral cranial nerve deficits
circling, head tilt, facial paralysis
early in infection has fever
silage eye-uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis
anorexia, dysphagia
recumbent, opisthotonos, paddling
Term
Listeriosis Pathogenesis
Definition
bacteria on silage and enters through mouth wound
rootlet trigeminal nerve to intra-axonal migration to the brain stem
cell to cell movement evades phagocytosis
bacteria bind to cell via surface proteins
enter cytoplasm via hemolysin
multiplies, press on internal surface cell membrane, form listeriopods that invaginate into adjacent cell
Term
Listeriosis Lesions
Definition
minimal or absent
turbid CSF
softened medulla oblongata
autolyzed fetus
Term
Listeriosis Treatment
Definition
Penecillin BID for 7 days then halve the dose for BID 14 days
or Oxytetracycline BID
mortality 100% if become recumebnt
Term
Thromboembolic Meningoencephalopathy Organism
Definition
Histophilus somni
Gram -
nonspore forming coccobacillus
obligate microbe of mucosal surface
Term
Thromboembolic Meningoencephalopathy Signs
Definition
pneumonia, arthritis, UTI, abortion, mycarditis, neurologic disease
Term
TEME Pathogenesis
Definition
dissemination as result of pathogen or compromised immune system
migrates through unprotected epithelial cells
meets brain epithelial cells, causes cytoskeletal rearrangement
results in drastic influx of albumin and reduced transendothelial electrical resistance
increases paracellular permeablility of vascular endothelial cells leading to neuro signs
death due to subsequent endothelial cell apoptosis
Term
TEME Signs
Definition
multiple animals affected
fatal myocarditis tends to be single deaths over time rather than heavy loss in short period of time
sudden death may be only sign noticed
ataxia weakness
lateral recumbency, profound depression, opisthotonos, convulsions
sleeper syndrome-closed or partially closed eyelids
Term
TEME Diagnosis
Definition
no changes on CBC
CSF shows bacterial infection and hemorrhage
necropsy
Term
TEME Tx
Definition
only in early disease
Gram - antibiotics
euthanasia and future prevention
Term
TEME Gross Lesions
Definition
focal myocarditis
Term
Brain and Pituitary Abscess Organism
Definition
Aracanobacterium pyogenes
Term
Brain and Pituitary Abscess Signs
Definition
vision loss in contralateral eye
depression
mania
head pressing
circling with head tilt toward lesion
pupillary dysfunction
nystagmus
dysphagia
facial paralysis
Term
Brain and Pituitary Abscess Causes
Definition
hematogenous origin
dehorning complication
head butting
Term
Polioencephalomalacia Pathogenesis
Definition
deficiency in thiamine which is cofactor in neuronal ATP production
dysfunction of Na-K ATP pump
intracellular Na promotes water into cell
swelling and softening of gray matter
Term
Polioencephalomalacia Causes
Definition
thiaminases (bacteria and plant)
high sulfur diets
grain diets promote H2S gas
Sulfur interferes with oxidation in mitochondria leading to depletion of ATP
Term
Polioencephalomalacia Signs
Definition
rapidly develop
central blindness
ataxia
proprioceptive deficits
head pressing
hyperexcitability
recumbency, opisthotonus, seizures, coma, death
Term
Polioencephalomalacia Diagnosis
Definition
no blood work or CSF
test food/water for H2S and thiamin levels
response to thiamin injection
Term
Nervous Ketosis Causes
Definition
anorexia or increased milk production
usually 1st week after calving and 30-40 days into lactation (peak lactation)
Term
Nervous Ketosis Signs
Definition
bilateral blindness with intact PLRs
dumb and uncoordinated
Term
Otitis Media/Interna Organism
Definition
main isolate is Mycoplasma bovis
Term
Otitis Media/Interna Tx
Definition
tilathromycin
puncture and drain ear canal
Term
Meningitis Causes
Definition
Gram negative septicemia in calves
Dehorning causing chronic sinusitis
Term
Lead Toxicosis Sources
Definition
grease, oil, old paint, lead-headed nails, batteries, linoleum, smelter discharges
highly palatable to some animals
lead salts readily absorbed
binds to erythroyctes, tissues, bone
Term
Lead Toxicosis Signs
Definition
resemble polio
sudden death, central blindness, tremors, chewing fits, seizures, bellowing, occasional aggressive behavior
Term
Lead Toxicosis Treatment
Definition
usually die despite/before tx
remove source
intermittent CaEDTA to chelate from bone
if early can use thiamin or CaEDTA
Term
Hypernatremia Pathophysiology
Definition
excessive extracellular sodium chances relative osmolality, disrupts blood-brain barrier, results in cerebral edema or dehydration
ruminants dehydrated and then give unrestricted water access
or chronic exposure to excess salt followed by unrestricted water access
Term
Hypernatremia Signs
Definition
common in pigs
multiple animals affected
ataxia, central blindness, thirst, fine tremors, convulsions, head pressing, opisthotonus, coma, death, hemolysis, hemogloburia
CSF sodium higher than blood sodium
Term
Hypernatremia Treatment
Definition
supportive care, mannitol, dexamethasone, isotonic fluids
Term
C1-C5 Lesions
Definition
UMN to front and hindlimbs
Term
C6-T2 Lesions
Definition
LMN to forelimb
UMN to hind limb
Term
T3-L3 Lesions
Definition
UMN to hind limb
Term
Sacral Nerve Lesions
Definition
LMN to hind limbs, anus, bladder
Term
Coccygeal Nerve Lesions
Definition
LMN to tail and spinal area
Term
Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Pathophysiology
Definition
copper deficiency during prenatal/perinatal period in ewes and then passed onto offspring
causes bilateral symmetric myelin degradation in dorsolateral spinal cord tracts +/- cavitations in cerebral white matter
myelin degeneration secondary to oxidative degeneration
Term
Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Signs
Definition
usually present at birth but may take up to 3 months
rear limb ataxia, muscle atrophy, paresis
tetraparesis seen at birth
static signs present in neonates
progressive paresis in older animals
Term
Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Diagnosis
Definition
definitive diagnosis on necropsy
measure body tissue copper
plasma copper status and assess dietary copper (blood copper increases with stress)
Term
Swayback/Enzootic Ataxia Treatment
Definition
hypomyelinogenesis and demyelination is irreversible
supplement copper to prevent more cases
Cu:Mo 6:1
Term
Progressive Ataxia Pathophysiology
Definition
recessive defect in pure/mixed breed Charolais calves 3-36 months
posterior paresis following recumbency by 2 years old
Term
Progressive Ataxia Diagnosis
Definition
eosinophilic plaques on white matter in brain/spinal cord
Term
Progressive Ataxia Signs
Definition
Charolais calf
stiff neck, dragging rear toes, stumbling, proprioceptive deficitis, worsens with exercise
difficulty maintaining posture during urination and pulsatile micturition
Term
Spastic Syndrome Signs
Definition
usually adult dairy bulls
progressive hyerptonia and hypereflexia
lordosis, limb abduction, caudal extension
Term
Spastic Paresis/Elso Heel Signs
Definition
genetic in several breeds
asymmetric pelvic gait
seen in first year of age
increased extensory tone in gastrocnemius muscle
pelvic limbs extend caudally and toe is kept off ground
spasticity is progressive leading to recumbency
exaggerated myotactic reflex
Term
Spastic Paresis/Elso Heel Treatment
Definition
spasticity improves with cranial epidural with procaine/lidocaine
tibial neurectomy
gastrocnemius tenotomy
often have recurrences
Term
Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy/"Weaver Syndrome" Signs
Definition
occurs in Brown Swiss calves
paraparesis, ataxia, dysmetria of pelic limbs, weaving gait
progression
muscle wasting over hindquarters
onset 5-12 months with recumbency by 2 years
Term
Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy/"Weaver Syndrome" Pathology
Definition
lesions in white matter of spinal cord
axonal swelling, degeneration, vacuolation
Term
Organophosphate Toxicity Pathophysiology
Definition
binding with acetylcholinesterase which increases ACh because AchE is not degrading the Ach
Term
Organophosphate Toxicity Signs
Definition
Muscarinic Effects (PNS): dyspnea, hypersalivation, diarrhea, bradycardia, pupillary constriction

Nicotinic Effects (SNS): muscle tremors, tetany, recumbency, opistotonus
Term
Organophosphate Toxicity Treatment
Definition
Atropine to reduce muscarinic signs
Oral activated charcoal
Oximes (2-PAM) to break bond within first 24 hours
Term
Cervical Fractures Signs
Definition
painful, refuse to lower head to eat
may be recumbent
BAR, can look similar to meningitis
may not be able to lift head
Term
Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Pathophysiology
Definition
common in calves, lambs, fawns
bacteremia with localization in vertebral veins from tail docking, umbilical infections
Term
Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Organism
Definition
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Fusobacterium necrophorum

Corynebacteria-pigs
Term
Vertebral Osteomyelitis/Spinal Abscess Diagnosis
Definition
acute signs after pathologic fracture
vertebral collapse/spinal cord compression
malaise, fever, stiffness, lack of proprioception, paresis, recumbency
radiographs show proliferation, lysis, sclerosis, soft tissue sweeling
Term
Epidural Abscess Organisms
Definition
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Corynebacteria sp.
Term
Epidural Abscess Treatment
Definition
surgical curettage, lavage, drainage
long term antibiotics
subsequent meningitis with poor prognosis
prevent with adequate colostrum
Term
Spinal Cord Fractures
Definition
common in 3-6 month ruminants due to nutritional deficiencies in Vitamin D, Calcium, Copper
Term
Radial Nerve Paralysis
Definition
dropped elbow will support weight of foot is placed
Term
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism Signs
Definition
reported in mixed-breed lambs
acute to peracute asymmetric myelopathy
paresis/paralysis and hyperreflexia caudal to lesion (UMN signs)
hyporeflexia if in brachia or LS area (LMN)
diffuse tremors and truncal ataxia
no treatment
Term
Fibrocartilaginous Embolism Pathogenesis
Definition
emboli from nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
pressure or degenerative arthropathy causes herniation of disk material into vertebral marrow
disc material gets into basivertebral veins then basivertebral plexus then to vertebral arterial circuit
causes swelling, infarction, necrosis, hemorrhage of neuropil
can get up into brainstem, spinal cord, cerebellum
Term
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Definition
usually history of abnormal behavior or poor doer
from hepatic shunts
ataxia, paresis, poor mentation
Term
Spinal Tumors Pathogensis
Definition
most common cause is lymphosarcoma from BLV
causes sudden decompensation of blood supply to the site
Term
Spinal Tumors Signs
Definition
flaccid tail and anus
dysuria, urine scalding, distended bladder
perineal loss of sensation
paraparesis and ataxia
can invade along peripheral nerve rootlets
Term
Lymphosarcoma
Definition
BLV positive
internal sublumbar lymph nodes often enlarged
extradural neoplasia
corticosteroids may result in short-term improvement
Term
Hypoderma bovis Life Cycle
Definition
aka Warbles
flies deposit eggs on legs
eggs hatch and burrow into skin
first stage larvae migrate to spinal canal
lay dormant in epidural fat through winter
emerge through breathing hole in skin, fall to the ground, and pupate
Term
Hypodermosis Pathology
Definition
associated with death of larvae near spinal cord with treated with organophosphates and avermectins
severe host inflammatory reaction and/or toxins release by dying larvae
rear limb paresis, ataxia, recumbency
signs can resolve with a week
worst cases result in euthanasia
Term
Hypodermosis Treatment
Definition
antiinflammatories (flunixin meglumine or dexamethason)
deworm before larvae reach spinal cord
Term
Sciatic Nerve Damage Signs
Definition
able to get around
extended fetlock or weak legs
Term
Femoral Nerve Damage Signs
Definition
See in calves most commonly
Dysocia type lesion from being hip-locked
unable to use quadriceps and gastrocnemius?
Term
Tibial Nerve Damage Signs
Definition
can't use most of legs
can still put foot on ground
Term
Peroneal Nerve Damage Signs
Definition
flexion of the fetlock
Term
Obturator Nerve Damage Signs
Definition
lack of ability to abduct limbs
Term
Edema Disease in Pigs Pathophysiology
Definition
caused by Shiga toxins 2e from E.coli
young pigs with F18 receptors susceptible
toxin produced in gut and taken up in blood
causes necrosis in target tissues behind vascular smooth muscle (eyelids, greater curvature of stomach, mesenteric lymph nodes, brain
Term
Edema Disease in Pigs Pathology
Definition
perivascular edema
necrosis of vascular smooth muscle
thrombosis
Term
Edema Disease in Pigs Signs
Definition
inappetance
swelling of eyelids and forehead
odd squeal and incoordination
recumbent, respiratory distress
no diarrhea or fever!
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